洛杉矶Ricardo Lara线性公园丨美国加利福尼亚丨SWA Group

项目陈述 PROJECT STATEMENT

在 1990 年代，新建成的 105 号州际公路直接贯穿了林伍德市，与此同时也“割裂”了其他一些以黑人和拉美裔为主的社区。公路系统的重新配置给林伍德带来了破坏性的影响，并随着房地产减值、企业倒闭和“白人大迁移”而进一步加剧。时至今日，林伍德才开始从这一打击中逐渐恢复。处于高速公路走廊阴影下的社区仍然缺少基本的服务设施，甚至没有足够安全和公平的户外空间。

2014 年，SWA Group 与林伍德市合作，将高速公路沿线的一处废弃路段改造成了占地 5.25 英亩（约 21246 平方米）、横贯 5 个街区的线性公园。新公园的建成为居住在步行距离 0.5 英里（约 805 米）范围内的两万六千人提供了丰富的娱乐设施和聚会空间。公园规划的重点是鼓励锻炼、教育和游戏，其新颖大胆的形式为社区赋予了独特的活力。今天，公园将被公路贯穿的林伍德市重新连接起来，并开始修复因不合理开发导致的历史遗留问题。未来，社区将继续成长，日益焕发新的活力。

In the 1990s, when Interstate 105 was constructed, it cut directly through the City of Lynwood along with several other majority Black and Hispanic communities. Lynwood is only now beginning to recover from the devastating impacts of this reconfiguration, which have been exacerbated by decreased property values, business closures, and “white flight.” Today, the neighborhoods in the shadow of the freeway corridor remain underserved by many basic needs and amenities, including access to safe and equitable outdoor spaces.

In 2014, the design team Partnered with the City of Lynwood to transform a derelict freeway-adjacent right of way into a 5.25-acre, five-block linear park. The park supports an abundance of recreational amenities and gathering spaces for the approximately 26,000 people who live within a half-mile walking distance. The park’s programming focuses on exercise, education, and play, while its bold, gestural design reinforces the neighborhood’s unique vitality. Today, the park serves to reconnect the City of Lynwood across the freeway, begin to repair the brutal history of discriminatory development, and celebrate a growing community’s vibrant future.

被割裂的城市

加利福尼亚州的林伍德市被巨大的高速公路走廊一分为二，该走廊自建成以来为社区带来了沉重的负担。Ricardo Lara 线性公园通过重新恢复城市的社区感，来弥补高速公路造成的负面影响。

A City Divided. Lynwood, California is bisected by a massive freeway corridor, which has burdened the community since its construction. Ricardo Lara Linear Park serves to remedy the negative impacts of the freeway by restoring a sense of community to the City. ©SWA Group

项目说明 PROJECT NARRATIVE

时至今日，大都市的许多区域仍然遭受着埃森豪威尔时代的公路项目所导致的一系列问题。当时由联邦政府拨款，修建了 90%的洲际公路系统。这些项目大都遭到了当地业主的反对，然而受影响的社区多为非白人和非高收入社区，这些社区中的政治机构远远少于白人中产阶级社区，居民的诉求也因此难以得到解决。公路走廊的修建是以历史上被“画红线”的区域为框架（画红线，指在地图上标出一条红线，划定银行不会投资的区域的做法；后来这个词被应用于对特定人群的歧视），这导致数以千计的居民流离失所，并给原本就欠缺服务的社区带来一系列问题，包括步行友好度的下降、车辆依赖性的增加、交通堵塞、环境退化、空气质量变差以及混乱无序的开发等等。而随着公路的建成，这些问题将变得日益严重。洛杉矶 105 号州际公路就是其中的一个例子——它“割裂”了洛杉矶中南部的数个社区，并将康普顿北面的林伍德市一分为二。

在过去的几十年里，林伍德一直是遭受类似困境的众多社区的“代表性案例”。高速公路的存在使其变得越来越不适宜居住，这也让社区中较为富裕的居民和众多企业逐渐逃离，人口结构也因此发生了改变：年轻人的数量增多，绝大部分居民是中产阶级黑人和拉丁裔。2014 年，林伍德市政府采取行动，收回了高速公路附近一段未经利用道路的路权，并将其作为亟需的集会场所和社区资源。

基础设施再利用

I-105 高速公路——美国投入最大且频繁被提起诉讼的基础设施项目之一，在洛杉矶郡人口密集且多样化的地区中心竖起了一道视觉和物理上的双重屏障。Ricardo Lara 线性公园沿着高速公路走廊重塑了超过 5 英亩的休耕土地，创造出一个高价值的社区设施，为居民提供了亟需的环境和休闲福利。虽然公园的长度仅 1 英里（约 1.6 公里），却足以展示出其具有创造性的设计思路：基于合理的成本，利用现有的基础设施来为长期缺乏公园的社区提供服务。

健康与场所塑造

高速公路留下的城市伤疤对公众的健康产生了微妙而又深刻的影响。由于长期缺乏绿色空间，许多居民（43%）必须去社区之外的地方卖菜；而极其有限的健康饮食选择则让林伍德成为了美国公认的“食物荒漠”。为了改善这一不利条件，公园的其中一个街区被完全用作社区花园，其中包含 20 个可出租的种植架，此外还有 2 个配套的共享工具房。该花园对实践学习和健康饮食都起到了积极的作用，它将社区居民凝聚在一起，鼓励他们共同种植、培育和收获自己的产品。

除了对废弃地段进行美化并提高当地的食物公平性，该公园还提供了用于锻炼和娱乐的“动脉”场地，其中包含了能够支持高强度运动的健身站、各类游戏装置以及公共艺术品等等，有助于促进健康的生活方式，为居民建立一个可供聚会、社交、学习和探索的场所。得益于靠近洛杉矶河自行车道的位置优势，线性公园成为了一道通往该地区休闲网络的门户。更重要的是，公园还将高速公路两侧的社区重新连接起来，为步行和慢跑者提供了一条连续的路径，并在 5 个街区的交叉路口处分别建立了一条安全无障碍的地下通道。

环境和复原力

早在设计团队与社区共同调查场地的潜力时，复杂的环境问题便已突显出来。

公园所达到的惊人成就之一，是借助一系列精确布局的盆地和生态湿地，使场地如今可以处理来自附近路堤（加州运输局路堤）的径流，其流量相当于六个游泳池之多。这项干预同时也起到了防洪的作用，解决了社区在过去频繁经历的问题。公园内共计增加了超过 20 万平方英尺的透水表面、生态湿地和滞留池。得益于周围场地的地形，公园容纳了 24 英亩的汇水区，每年能够收集 82700 立方英尺（约 2342 立方米）的雨水。公园内新增加的生态湿地可在受污染的高速公路径流到达地下水位之前就对其进行过滤。

虽然公园与高速公路的距离不到 1

▲充满活力却面临挑战的少数族裔社区。林伍德是一个多元化的城市，其居民包含长期定居家庭、非本国出生人群和收入低于联邦贫困线的个人。

Ricardo Lara 线性公园的修建为这个原本缺少公园的社区提供了一个亟需的、包含丰富设施的目的地。

A Vibrant, But Challenged Minority Community. Lynwood is a diverse community of families, foreign-born residents, and individuals below the federal poverty level. Ricardo Lara Linear Park offers a much-needed amenity-rich destination for this park-poor community. ©SWA Group

▲从“公园贫乏”到 15 分钟步行距离：林伍德市的居民长期缺乏开放的公共空间。Ricardo Lara 线性公园可为方圆半英里内的 2 万 6 千多居民提供服务。From “Park-Poor” to 15 Minute Walk. The City of Lynwood suffered from a lack of public, open space for its residents. Ricardo Lara Linear Park serves over 26,000 residents within a half-mile of the park.©SWA Group

▲废弃场地变身公园：Ricardo Lara 线性公园取代了位于高速公路和住宅区之间的空地，其大小相当于五个街区。为了充分利用加州 84 号提案的财政支持，项目的社区宣传、设计和施工在 20 天内全部完成。Abandoned Easement Becomes a Park. Ricardo Lara Linear Park replaced five blocks of vacant lots between the freeway and a residential neighborhood. In order to leverage funds backed by California Proposition 84, the community outreach, design, and construction was all completed in under 20 months.© SWA Group/Bill Tatham; SWA Group/David Lloyd

▲五个街区，五种规划。包含五个街区的规划总长度刚刚超过 1 英里，其目标是支持林伍德社区的多重愿景。通过强有力的社区参与，公园的规划同时兼顾了居民健康和连接性。

Five Blocks, Five Programs. Just over a mile in length, the multi-block scheme was envisioned to support the many aspirations of the Lynwood community. Through robust community engagement, the park was programmed with health and connectivity in mind.© SWA Group

▲支持林伍德居民的健康：Ricardo Lara 线性公园为步行和慢跑者提供了一条连续的路径，并与洛杉矶河沿岸的自行车网络建立了连接，成为锻炼和娱乐的重要“动脉”。Supporting Health in Lynwood. Ricardo Lara Linear Park offers a continuous path for walking and jogging. The park, which provides a link to a regional bike network along the Los Angeles River, serves as a critical artery for exercise and recreation.© SWA Group

在公园里健身：能够支持高强度运动的健身站、游戏装置、慢跑路径和其他一系列活跃的功能空间有助于促进健康的生活方式。Fitness in the Park. Fitness stations that support more intensive exercise programs, along with a series of play structures, a jogging path, and other active programming help facilitate healthy lifestyles.© SWA Group/Jonnu Singleton

▲降低城市热量：原先的场地已经种植了可适应气候的草地、灌木和林荫树。与周围的环境相比，公园提供的树荫区要多出 30%，因而成为了名副其实的城市绿洲。

Mitigating Urban Heat. Formerly vacant lots have been planted with climate-adapted grasses, shrubs, and shade trees. Compared to the surrounding context, the park offers 30 percent more shade coverage, making the park a veritable urban oasis. © SWA Group

▲林荫走廊：种植了超过 300 棵新树的 Ricardo Lara 线性公园极大地提升了附近地区的林荫覆盖率。茂密的树冠为户外运动、游戏和休闲创造出舒适的空间。Canopy Corridor. With more than 300 new trees, Ricardo Lara Linear Park has dramatically increased the amount of shade coverage in the neighborhood. The verdant canopy creates a comfortable space for outdoor exercise, play, and relaxation.© SWA Group/Jonnu Singleton

促进食物公平：林伍德的人口普查街区已被美国农业部列为“食物荒漠”。线性公园中的一个街区被设计为社区花园，居民们汇聚于此，共同种植了数千磅的新鲜农产品。Promoting Food Equity. Census tracts in Lynwood have been identified as “food deserts” by the US Department of Agriculture. One block in the park operates as a community garden, where residents come together and grow thousands of pounds of fresh produce.© SWA Group

▲城市农业：Ricardo Lara 线性公园是林伍德市的一个教学计划中心。公园内的新集会空间邀请全年龄段的游客和社区学校利用花园举办社区活动。Urban Agriculture. Ricardo Lara Linear Park is a center for educational programming in Lynwood. The new gathering spaces in the park invite visitors of all ages, and neighborhood schools use the garden to hold community events.© SWA Group/Jonnu Singleton

▲过滤城市雨水：得益于周围场地的地形，Ricardo Lara 线性公园容纳了 24 英亩的汇水区。公园内的生物湿地能够过滤来自 I-105 公路的一半径流，并重新为地下水位提供补给。Filtering Urban Stormwater. Due to the topography of the surrounding site, Ricardo Lara Linear Park encompasses a 24-acre catchment area. Half of the I-105 runoff is filtered by bioswales in the park that eventually recharge the water table.© SWA Group

▲拦截和减缓水速：雨水引流、阻滞和过滤系统被置在公园的雨水处理机组内。借助绿色基础设施捕获水流的方法能够缓解既有的洪水问题。Intercepting and Slowing Water. The systems of stormwater direction, detention, and filtration are built into a treatment train in the park. Capturing water through green infrastructure alleviates previous problems with flooding.© SWA Group/David Lloyd

▲创造社交空间：分布于公园中的游乐场、阴凉的座位区和一系列公共艺术作品为林伍德创造了多彩的社交空间。细致的设计使公园能够满足不同年龄段居民的使用需要。

Creating Social Spaces: Along the length of the park, playgrounds, shaded seating, and public artworks all serve to create social spaces for Lynwood. The park was carefully designed to serve the City’s vibrant, multigenerational population.© SWA Group/Jonnu Singleton

▲突显城市活力：公园内的功能空间使林伍德的城市活力得到突显。其设计从周围社区中汲取灵感，反映了当地居民的积极性和创造力。Accentuating Urban Vitality. The programs within the park accentuate the urban vitality of Lynwood. Its design draws inspiration from the surrounding neighborhood, reflecting the creativity of its dynamic residents.© SWA Group

▲狭窄的场地，广泛的影响：Ricardo Lara 线性公园为林伍德社区创造了一个充满活力的公共空间。虽然该城市区域面临的问题主要是社区贫困，但线性公园依然回应了它所服务的群体所提出的独特愿望。A Narrow Park with Wide Impacts. Ricardo Lara Linear Park creates a vibrant space for the community of Lynwood. While the challenges in this urban context are typical of disadvantaged communities, the park responds to the unique aspirations of the people it serves.

PROJECT NARRATIVE

A City Divided

Today, many metropolitan areas remain scarred by highway projects from the Eisenhower era, when federal money helped build out 90 percent of the US interstate system. These projects, which were typically met with resistance from local property owners, often targeted non-white and non-affluent communities with less political agency than their Caucasian, middle-class counterparts. Using historical redlining maps as spatial armatures for infrastructure planning, highway corridors displaced thousands of residents, and continue to disproportionately plague underserved communities with an array of well-cataloged problems, including low walkability, increased vehicular dependency, gridlock, degraded environments, poor air quality, and sprawl. And worse, once built, these highways often just get bigger. Interstate 105 in Los Angeles is one such highway, cutting through communities in South Central L.A. and bisecting the city of Lynwood, just north of Compton.

Throughout the past few decades, Lynwood has exemplified the struggles of many urban communities in similar straits. Its more affluent residents, and many businesses, gradually fled the community as the freeway rendered it a less desirable place to live, and its populace shifted, becoming younger, with a middle-class Black and Latino-majority demographic. In 2014, the City of Lynwood moved to reclaim a one-mile section of unutilized freeway-adjacent right of way as a much-needed gathering place and community resource.

Repurposing Infrastructure

With the construction of the I-105 freeway – among the country’s most expensive and extensively litigated infrastructure projects – a visual and physical barrier was erected through the heart of this diverse, densely populated part of Los Angeles County. Ricardo Lara Linear Park reclaims more than five acres of fallow land along the freeway corridor, creating a high-value community amenity that offers much-needed environmental and recreational benefits. Although only one mile in length, the park demonstrates how creative thinking – paired with modest investment – can leverage existing infrastructure to serve a historically park-poor neighborhood.

Health and Placemaking

The urban scar left by the freeway has had both subtle and profound impacts on public well-being. Green space has historically been limited, and many residents (43 percent) must leave their neighborhoods to buy groceries – rendering Lynwood among the United States’ notorious “food deserts” due to its dearth of healthy eating choices. To ameliorate this disadvantage, one block of the park is fully devoted to a community garden, with 20 raised beds available for rent and 2 associated shared toolsheds. The garden promotes hands-on learning as well as healthy eating, and brings the community together in shared efforts to plant, cultivate, and harvest its own produce.

In addition to the beautification of an abandoned lot, and the fortification of local food equity, the park is a critical artery for exercise and recreation. Fitness stations that support more intensive exercise programs in the neighborhood, along with a series of play structures, public artworks, and other amenities promote healthy lifestyles and establish a place for residents to gather, socialize, learn, and explore. Taking advantage of its geographic proximity to the LA River bike path, the linear park serves as a local gateway to regional recreational networks. Critically, the park also reconnects neighborhoods on either side of the freeway, offering a continuous path for walking and jogging as well as safe, accessible underpass linkages at each of its five block intersections.

Environment and Resilience

Complex environmental issues came to the fore as the design team engaged with the community to investigate the site’s potential.

In one of the park’s crowning achievements, a series of strategically placed basins and bioswales now treat the equivalent of six swimming pools’ worth of runoff from the adjacent Caltrans embankment. This intervention doubles as a flood prevention strategy, addressing a problem that the neighborhood used to experience frequently. Over 200,000 square feet of pervious surface, bioswales, and detention ponds were added in total. Due to the topography of the surrounding site, the park encompasses a catchment area of 24 acres and collects 82,700 cubic feet of stormwater per year. The added bioswale in the park also filters polluted freeway runoff before it reaches the water table.

While the park is within 100 feet of the freeway, both noise and air particulates are mitigated by a 10-foot-tall sound wall along its entire length. Softscape interventions, similarly, help mitigate heat island effects.