中式庭院

小庭园设计的20个要素

20 elements of small garden design

色彩：对比色与互补色。色彩、色相及色调。原色和轻淡色彩。它们是色彩因素的所有组成部分。色调可使气氛活泼也可镇定情绪。最终选择取决于个人品味。

质感：平滑的、粗糙的，柔软的、多刺的、有光泽的或有绒毛的。尽量采用高对比度---将精致混以粗犷，柔软配以粗硬。植物的叶片、花朵、茎干及硬质的造园材料都有其特殊的质感。

香味：有什么比蔷薇、茉莉、瑞香、迷迭香或丁香的花香更好呢？在窗口及室外座椅旁种植一些具有香味的植物。应为每个季节都准备一些香花植物。

声音：溪流的潺潺声，泉水的叮咚声，小鸟的啁啾声，叶片的沙沙声或柔和悦耳的钟声都可以扫除精神上的烦乱，使心灵得到安宁。

触觉：从Lamb’s ears毛绒绒的叶片至装饰性草类怕痒的叶片都意味着触摸甚至爱抚的存在。别忘了古树、光滑的卵石及其它无生命材质的触感。

功能：如何使用园中空地？作为儿童游乐场？种植菜蔬？用作休憩沉思？还是户外娱乐？应带着一定的目的进行设计。别忘了天然材料的使用，象落叶与堆肥。

光照：注意花园中阳地及阴地的状况。在夜晚光线的衬托下花朵变得半透明，草状羽形植物闪闪发光。为了夏季炎热的气候，可种植高大乔木，创建一个阴地。

风格：节点花园，黄杨花坛，砖质铺地，木桩式围栏，所有这些形成了花园的风格。所花时间及精力越多越完美。有时小细节会强化风格，也会破坏风格。

形态：多考虑植物的立体形状以求得变化。它们可能是圆形、圆柱形、披散状、波浪式或喷泉式。硬质的造园材料和花园装饰物也都有自己的形状。

对比：对比以吸引注意力，得到礼堂的享受。对比度小能起镇定作用，对比度大则有令人兴奋的作用。色彩、结构、外形、亮度都可用来进行对比。

透视：你从什么角度观赏你的花园？从平台、透过窗户还是平地上？是一览无遗还是移步异景？透视改变了观赏花园的方式。

动势：你是怎样穿过花园？是漫步开蜿蜒的小径上，还是从笔直的大路上匆匆路过。功能决定了它们的外形。

变化：树木长大后，原先的阳地环境变成了阴地，园中多年生植物会越长越大。柔和的晨曦会变成耀眼的午后阳光。花朵会变成子实。对花园中的变化应作好充分准备。

方位：找出指南针，找到正北方。你如何安排你房子和花园的朝向？记住：一个季节中的阴地在其它季节可能变成明亮的向阳环境。

个性：传统花卉，旋转木马、球形器皿、规则的意大利式建筑，古代建筑小品或令人心旷神怡的花园雕塑。哪一个对你更有意义？让人们一看就知道这是你的花园。

焦点：小径尽头的瀑布，混合花境中的红枫，门旁美丽的花钵，都为眼睛创造了一个可休息的景色。选用焦点景观时要慎重，过多的焦点只会变得杂乱无章。

生态：引入一些野生的植物。种一些本土的植物。尽可能选择能丰产及自我循环的植物，少用硬质园景。

感观：花园应与当地景观相协调。使用乡土的植物或本地的石材。运用当地常用的表现形式。同时加入具有你个人特色的东西，形成一个独一无二的只属于你的花园。

建筑：让花园与建筑相匹配。重复使用相同的主题、外形、颜色、式样及建筑材料。通过使用院子、平台、乔木、阳台、围栏及其它东西将建筑融入花园。

Color: contrast color and complementary color. Color, color and tone. Original color and light color. They are all parts of the color factor. Hue can make the atmosphere lively and calm the mood. The final choice depends on personal taste.

Texture: smooth, rough, soft, prickly, glossy or fluffy. Use high contrast as much as possible - mix it with rough, soft and hard. The leaves, flowers, stems and hard gardening materials of plants have their special texture.

Aroma: what is better than roses, jasmine, Daphne, rosemary or clove? Plant some scented plants next to the windows and outdoor seats. Some flowers should be prepared for every season.

Sound: the murmur of the stream, the tinkling of the spring, the chirp of the bird, the Sashi of the leaves, or the soft and melodious bells, all can remove the mental disorder and make the mind secure.

Touch: from Lamb ’s ears velvet leaves to the grasses of the decorative grass, the ticklish leaves mean touching and even caressing. Don’t forget the touch of ancient trees, smooth pebbles and other inanimate materials.

Function: how to use the empty space in the garden? As a playground for children? Planting vegetables? Used as a rest meditation? Or outdoor entertainment? The design should be carried out with a certain purpose. Don’t forget the use of natural materials, like fallen leaves and compost.

Illumination: pay attention to the situation of the garden Zhongyang and the shade. The flowers become translucent under the light of night, and the grass like feather plants glitter. For hot summer weather, tall trees can be planted to create a shade.

Style: node garden, boxwood flower bed, brick paving, wooden piled fence, all of which form the style of the garden. The more time and energy it takes, the more perfect. Sometimes small details enhance style and destroy style.

Form: consider the three-dimensional shape of plants to make changes. They may be round, cylindrical, loose, wavy or fountain. Hard gardening materials and garden decorations also have their own shapes.

Contrast: contrast to attract attention and get the enjoyment of the auditorium. Small contrast can act as a calming agent, and great contrast can be exciting. Color, structure, shape and brightness can be used for comparison.

Perspective: from what angle do you admire your garden? From the platform, through the window or in the flat? Is it a clear view or a different view? The perspective changed the way to watch the garden.

Momentum: how do you go through the garden? Is it a ramble along the winding path, or rushing through the straight road? The functions determine their shape.

Change: when the trees grow up, the original sunny environment becomes shade, and the perennial plants in the garden grow larger and larger. A soft morning light will turn into a dazzling afternoon sun. A flower will become a child. The change in the garden should be fully prepared.

Azimuth: find the compass and find the north. How do you arrange the orientation of your house and garden? Remember: the shade of a season may become a bright sunny environment in other seasons.

Personality: traditional flowers, merry go round, spherical utensils, regular Italian architecture, ancient architectural sketches or breathtaking garden sculptures. Which one is more meaningful to you? Let the people see that it’s your garden.

Focus: the waterfall at the end of the path, the red maple mixed in the flower border, and the beautiful flowerpot near the door create a rest view for the eyes. When choosing the focus landscape, be careful. Too much focus will only become chaotic.

Ecology: the introduction of some wild plants. Species of native plants. Choose plants with high yield and self circulation as much as possible.

Sense: the garden should be coordinated with the local landscape. Use native plants or local stone. Use the common form of local expression. At the same time, add something with your own characteristics to form a unique garden that only belongs to you.

Building: to match the garden with the building. Repeat the same themes, shapes, colors, styles and building materials. Use gardens, platforms, trees, balconies, fences and other things to integrate buildings into gardens.

营造一个美丽庭院的第一步是在定植植物之前搞好园林设计。首先应决定庭院的风格，要根据环境条件，家庭人员组成及养护能力等情况制定计划。

决定庭院的风格

与建筑物一样，庭院也有不同的风格，应该首先要确立一种自己喜欢的样式。庭院的样式可简单地分为规则式和自然式两大类，然后根据建筑物是西式或者中式、日式大致定下花园的类型。过去代表性的日本庭院杂木园式庭院与茶亭等，融自然风景于其中。但日式庭院与西式建筑不相称，而日式建筑与规则式庭院也有格格不入之感，总之，重要的是要考虑到花园与建筑物之间的协调性。

庭园色彩规划的技巧之一是设计成不同主色调的庭院。观叶植物在花园的设计中很重要，在英国等欧洲国家，认为花坛中栽种些观叶植物是很自然的事情，绿色中嵌有白斑的斑叶植物比纯绿色种类明度高，与银叶的雪叶莲、朝雾蒿草一样，可将花坛衬托得更明亮。其他另有橙色、红色及紫色的叶，还有叶形的变化、质感的差异等，观叶植物的种类极为多样。

夏季是一个开花植物种类繁多的季节，因此，可以进行多样化的色彩组合，用充满野趣的多年生草花来点缀。在夏季即使使用色彩度高的多种花色组合也不会有杂乱之感。例如可以用艳丽的，不同色系的金鱼草配成多个活泼的色块，这时只要记住点缀一些银叶植物或白花香雪球等加以中和，就不会失败.

了解排水与光照条件

排水、光照、通风、土质等会影响到植物生长发育的好坏，特别是光照充足与否是决定可栽培哪些花卉的重要条件。一般来说，能将花园建在光照条件好、朝南的地方最理想，所以必须首先弄清自家宅院的条件，一天中有几个小时日光照射？是半阴或是背阴？在此基础上选择适宜这些环境的植物种类。背阴处也能建院，可考虑建个阴地花园供观赏。

考虑家庭人员组成

家庭样式也可反映出居住在这里的家庭的生活方式。只有上班族夫妇的两口之家由于无暇养护花草，庭院中只能种花木或宿根花卉，有幼儿家庭的庭院应有放玩具的草坪，需种一些色彩艳丽的一、二年生草花和球根花卉，如果家中又喜欢搞养护管理的人，就可种些四季时令草花，营建一个完美的观赏花园。总之，庭院样式及所栽培植物种类应根据家庭人员组成与年龄结构而有所不同。

Color: contrast color and complementary color. Color, color and tone. Original color and light color. They are all parts of the color factor. Hue can make the atmosphere lively and calm the mood. The final choice depends on personal taste.

Texture: smooth, rough, soft, prickly, glossy or fluffy. Use high contrast as much as possible - mix it with rough, soft and hard. The leaves, flowers, stems and hard gardening materials of plants have their special texture.

Aroma: what is better than roses, jasmine, Daphne, rosemary or clove? Plant some scented plants next to the windows and outdoor seats. Some flowers should be prepared for every season.

Sound: the murmur of the stream, the tinkling of the spring, the chirp of the bird, the Sashi of the leaves, or the soft and melodious bells, all can remove the mental disorder and make the mind secure.

Touch: from Lamb ’s ears velvet leaves to the grasses of the decorative grass, the ticklish leaves mean touching and even caressing. Don’t forget the touch of ancient trees, smooth pebbles and other inanimate materials.

Function: how to use the empty space in the garden? As a playground for children? Planting vegetables? Used as a rest meditation? Or outdoor entertainment? The design should be carried out with a certain purpose. Don’t forget the use of natural materials, like fallen leaves and compost.

Illumination: pay attention to the situation of the garden Zhongyang and the shade. The flowers become translucent under the light of night, and the grass like feather plants glitter. For hot summer weather, tall trees can be planted to create a shade.

Style: node garden, boxwood flower bed, brick paving, wooden piled fence, all of which form the style of the garden. The more time and energy it takes, the more perfect. Sometimes small details enhance style and destroy style.

Form: consider the three-dimensional shape of plants to make changes. They may be round, cylindrical, loose, wavy or fountain. Hard gardening materials and garden decorations also have their own shapes.

Contrast: contrast to attract attention and get the enjoyment of the auditorium. Small contrast can act as a calming agent, and great contrast can be exciting. Color, structure, shape and brightness can be used for comparison.

Perspective: from what angle do you admire your garden? From the platform, through the window or in the flat? Is it a clear view or a different view? The perspective changed the way to watch the garden.

Momentum: how do you go through the garden? Is it a ramble along the winding path, or rushing through the straight road? The functions determine their shape.

Change: when the trees grow up, the original sunny environment becomes shade, and the perennial plants in the garden grow larger and larger. A soft morning light will turn into a dazzling afternoon sun. A flower will become a child. The change in the garden should be fully prepared.

Azimuth: find the compass and find the north. How do you arrange the orientation of your house and garden? Remember: the shade of a season may become a bright sunny environment in other seasons.

Personality: traditional flowers, merry go round, spherical utensils, regular Italian architecture, ancient architectural sketches or breathtaking garden sculptures. Which one is more meaningful to you? Let the people see that it’s your garden.

Focus: the waterfall at the end of the path, the red maple mixed in the flower border, and the beautiful flowerpot near the door create a rest view for the eyes. When choosing the focus landscape, be careful. Too much focus will only become chaotic.

Ecology: the introduction of some wild plants. Species of native plants. Choose plants with high yield and self circulation as much as possible.

Sense: the garden should be coordinated with the local landscape. Use native plants or local stone. Use the common form of local expression. At the same time, add something with your own characteristics to form a unique garden that only belongs to you.

Building: to match the garden with the building. Repeat the same themes, shapes, colors, styles and building materials. Use gardens, platforms, trees, balconies, fences and other things to integrate buildings into gardens.