现代夯土建筑的生态魅力与应用潜力丨中国丨土上建筑工作室,现代生土建筑研究与发展中心

出品人：向玲 Producer: Xiang Ling

1. 请介绍一下生土建筑的历史以及该材料在不同地域的特点。

现在生土材料在中国的使用情况如何？

Could you please introduce the history of earth architecture and its characteristics in different regions? What is the current condition of earth construction in China?

生土是我国乃至全世界历史最为悠久、应用分布最为广泛的传统营建材料之一，尤其在我国，其应用至少可以追溯到 8000 千年前的新石器时代。中国传统社会常以“土木之功”作为所有建造工程的概括之名。从中即可看出，生土与木材一样，在我国传统营造技术和建筑文化遗产中，具有举足轻重的地位。

从大地湾文化时期穴居坑壁用于隔潮、修饰的草泥抹面，仰韶文化时期半穴居向地上建筑过渡中的草筋泥防水屋面和承重木骨泥墙，龙山文化时期大量出现的夯土城垣与夯土台基，春秋战国时期以夯土修筑的古长城与大型高台宫殿建筑，历经秦汉时期的全面发展直至初唐，基于草筋泥、木骨泥墙、土坯（或土墼）、夯土、草泥垛等多种生土材料形式的土木混合结构，已经颇具系统性和规范性，并逐步成为主流营建工艺，被广泛地应用于长江以北地区的城乡民宅、宫殿官署、寺庙祭坛的建造，以及长城、城垣、陵墓、堤坝等构筑设施的修筑工程。

随着历史上的大量人口跨地域的迁徙与不同民族间的交流融合，生土建造技术从黄河流域逐步拓展到长江以南地区，并且在各地区不同的自然条件、经济技术以及社会文化的影响和作用下，呈现出种类繁多的应用形式和工艺特点，在这个过程中逐渐形成了广泛分布于全国各地且丰富多样的传统生土民居建筑。

根据住房和城乡建设部 2010-2011 年的全国农房普查数据显示，传统生土建造技术在农村房屋建设中的应用遍及各个省份，全国仍有至少 6000 万人口居住在多种形式的生土民居之中，且多集中分布于黄土高原、西南、华东、青藏高原、新疆等地相对贫困的农村地区。

Earth is one of the oldest and most widespread traditional construction materials. In China, the application of earth could be traced back to the Neolithic Age eight thousand years ago. Like wood, earth played a significant role in China’s traditional building technology and architectural heritage. Along with the population migration and integration of different nationalities, earth construction had gradually spread from the Yellow River basin to the south of the Yangtze River. Under the influence of different natural conditions, economic technologies and social culture, numerous earth construction methods and application forms were developed, creating various types of earth residences all over China. According to the 2010~2011 general survey of rural residence carried out by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, traditional earth construction technology was used in rural house construction over all the provinces and at least 60 million people were living in different kinds of earth houses. They were mainly found in the relatively poor countryside districts in the loess plateau, southwest China, east China, Tibet plateau, Xinjiang, etc.

▼中国传统生土建筑及其分布，distribution of traditional earth construction in China

因各地区气候、资源、习俗等因素的差异，传统生土材料具有多种不同的应用形式，在我国主要有夯土、土墼、土坯、草泥抹面、木/竹骨泥墙、覆土等六种类型。

其中，草泥作为辅助材料广泛用于土坯或土墼粘接、墙体抹面、木骨泥墙等其他生土工艺；覆土是指大家熟知的靠山窑、地坑窑、锢窑等传统窑洞民居，主要集中应用于黄土高原地区；木骨泥墙或竹骨泥墙的应用，多见于南方传统民居，主要作为木结构房屋的轻质隔墙甚至建筑外墙使用。

土坯和土墼同属于利用模具加工成形的土砖，但前者特指以泥或草泥作为原料，用模具塑形而成的土砖，在全国降水或水资源相对充沛的地区十分常见；而后者是指利用夯锤将潮湿的土在模具中冲压形成的土砖，主要应用于黄土高原等水资源相对匮乏的地区。

夯土，是指利用夯锤等工具，在模板的约束下将潮湿的土料冲击压缩密实，逐层夯筑成形为墙体的建造过程。相对而言，由于其力学整体性相对较好，且可就地取材、一次成形等优点，夯土可以说是全国范围内最为常见的传统生土建造工艺。

2.

现代建筑中使用的夯土和传统夯土营造的最大区别是什么？与混凝土、木材、钢材等主流的现代材料相比，夯土的优势和未来的发展潜力体现在哪里？

What is the biggest difference between modern rammed earth and traditional rammed earth? Compared to the mainstream modern materials like concrete, wood and steel, what are the advantage and potential of rammed earth?

在我国传统乡土社会，房屋更新频率普遍以代际为单位。相对于“耐久”“传世”等要求而言，乡村民众普遍更看重房屋建造的便捷性与性价比。传统夯土工艺之所以应用广泛，在于其具有的一系列优点恰恰满足了这一房屋建造需求：夯土可就地取材，因地制宜；施工简单快捷、造价低廉；夯土墙具有突出的蓄热性能，可使房屋室内冬暖夏凉，其吸湿能力更是常规工业建材的 30 倍，可有效平衡室内湿度，在南方湿热、北方干冷的气候条件下效果更为明显。尤其从当今生态可持续发展的角度而言，夯土材料具有可再生性，房屋拆除后的土料可反复利用，甚至可作为肥料回归农田；夯土施工过程低能耗、无污染，据测算其加工能耗和碳排放量分别为粘土砖和混凝土的 3%和 9%。然而不可否认的是，传统生夯土的材料力学、耐久性能与烧结砖、混凝土等常规墙体材料相比，仍存在较大的差距。

如同今天的纯棉制品相对于过去传统的手工纺“土布”，所谓“现代夯土”是相对传统夯土而言的，其与传统夯土最大的区别在于，通过夯筑原料的土砂石级配和基于机械夯筑的现代机具的引入，使现代夯土可以在保持传统夯土一系列生态性能优势的同时，有效克服其固有缺陷。由于不同地区甚至同一取土点不同位置的土质构成存在较大的差异，传统生土材料存在的力学、耐水、干缩等性能缺陷，多缘于土料中土粒粒径分布存在的问题。现代夯土的基本原理在于，根据所取土料的粒径构成特点，在其中掺入相应比例的砂石，将其粒径构成调配到趋近连续级配的状态，并在 8%~12%的材料含水率条件下，利用气动或电动夯锤施加高强度的夯击，使各粒径骨料紧密聚合。根据立方体抗压试验结果显示，在无任何添加剂的情况下，现代夯土材料的平均抗压强度可达 3MPa，是传统夯土强度的 2~4 倍，完全可以满足低层建筑承重墙体和框架结构建筑填充墙体的强度参数要求。与此同时，由于土砂石的高聚合特点，在避免雨水集中顺墙面流下的情况下，即使不做任何墙面保护处理，夯土墙也可有效抵御风雨的侵蚀。

以上现代夯土材料优化机理看似简单，但要实现高品质的夯土墙质量和效果，仍需专业化的材料分析调配、建筑及构造设计、施工机具系统和夯筑施工工艺等多环节间的协同。其中，尽可能减小化学类添加剂的使用，是保证其蓄热、吸湿等生态性能优势的关键。

Rammed earth could be made from local materials and applied accordingly. It is easy to construct and cost-efficient. Its high thermal storage capacity could keep the interior space warm in the winter and cool in the summer. The moisture absorption ability of rammed earth is 30 times better than common industrial construction materials, which could adjust the humidity in the space, especially in the damp and hot southern districts and dry and cold northern districts. From the aspect of sustainable development in current days, rammed earth is recyclable and could be reused after the house is demolished. It could even be applied back in the farmlands as manure. The construction process of rammed earth is energy efficient and would generate zero pollution. According to calculation, the embodied carbon of rammed earth is only 3% of clay bricks and 9% of concrete.

However, compared to the regular wall materials like sintered bricks and concrete, the strength and durability of rammed earth are still inferior.

The biggest difference between modern rammed earth and traditional rammed earth is that by adjusting the proportion of earth, sand and stone in the material, and using modern equipment based on mechanical ramming, modern rammed earth could get over the disadvantages mentioned above while remaining the ecological advantages of traditional rammed earth. The shortcomings of traditional rammed earth in strength, waterproof and air shrinkage are usually caused by the wrong composition of the material. The basic principle of modern rammed earth is to add a certain proportion of sand and stone to the earth according to its composition, adjusting the different sized particles into a continuous gradation. Under the condition of 8%~12% water content, high-intensity tamping is applied to the earth by air or electric rammer to make the aggregate tightly combined together. Without additives, modern rammed earth could completely meet the strength requirements for load-bearing walls in low-rise buildings and enclosures in frame structure buildings. Meanwhile, as the clay, sand and stone are tightly combined, as long as there’s no concentrative water flow, a rammed earth wall could effectively resist wind and rain without any surface protection.

▼土料粒径构成，composition and grading of earth

▼现代夯土施工基本流程，construction process of upgraded rammed earth

历经百余年的发展，基于混凝土、钢材等常规工业化建材的现代建造体系已十分成熟，且具有广泛的适用性和较高的性价比，可以说是近几十年我国城乡建设快速发展的重要支撑。在此过程中的副作用就是高耗能、高污染，以及千城一面、千村一面的地域特色的丧失。在技术层面的核心原因之一，在于建筑技术体系过于一元化。打个比方，如果只有土豆这一种食材，是很难因口味而异做出多少花样来的？如今后工业化时代，人们已经在向自然回归，但这不是简单的回头，而是一种基于反思的螺旋上升。尤其对于土、木、石、竹、草等中国传统的建筑材料，如“纯棉制品”一样，均已实现不同程度的工艺升级和现代化应用，例如：多种复合形式的木质、秸秆板材，以及木钢、竹钢等。尽管在可预见的未来，以现代夯土为代表的新型自然材料不可能取代常规工业化建材的主导地位，但其所具有的低碳、节能、可持续等生态性能优势依然具有广阔的应用潜力，而且有助于让我们的建造技术更为多元，在面对同一问题时可以有更多选择，如同传统营建智慧的核心理念，根据不同的地域条件和需求定位，追求最适宜的设计与建造方式，探寻具有地域特色的可持续发展路径。

After hundred years of development, the construction system of common industrial materials such as concrete and steel has already become very mature. They are widely adaptive and cost-efficient, providing significant support to the rapid development of the cities and countries in China in recent decades. The buildings in our cities and villages are becoming the same, and one of the core reasons on the technical level is the monotonous construction system. Although in the foreseeable future, new natural materials such as modern rammed earth cannot replace the common industrial materials, their application potential is still considerable because of their ecological properties of low carbon, energy efficiency and sustainability. In addition, they can help us to enrich our construction technology and provide us with more choices when faced with the same problem. We should follow the core idea of traditional construction to find the most adaptive design and construction method according to different conditions and requirements, seeking sustainable development with regional characteristics.

▼现代夯土建造在村庄中的应用，application of modern rammed earth construction in the village

3.你们是如何介入建筑设计的？如何确认特定项目中使用哪种生土材料和建造工艺？请介绍一下你们的工作方式。

How do you participate into an architectural design project? How to decide which kind of earth material and building technology should be used in the project? Please introduce the way you work.

对于我们开展的建筑设计项目，如果经过综合研究发现生土材料应用符合设计需求定位，且当地也具有必须的生土资源条件时，我们会结合设计向业主阐明其必要性，并通过既有案例打消业主在技术层面的疑虑。我们会在方案设计阶段明确到底使用什么材料，因为不同材料的施工工艺会有差别，不同工艺也有各自的限制条件，需要把它们作为影响因素结合到设计之中，这样后期可以非常从容，甚至能够带来更多有意思的创意。此外，现在也有越来越多的建筑师朋友希望在设计项目中采用生土材料，我们也非常乐意提供技术支援，也希望借此能够不断拓展生土材料的应用潜力，并通过以实践为导向的专项研究，实现技术的迭代升级。这种情况下，由于建筑师通常对生土工艺了解有限，我们就需要在方案阶段就进行介入，协助建筑师制定适宜的技术策略。到施工图阶段，我们会协助建筑师完成与生土墙或构件相关的所有构造详图的设计，协助业主制定生土专项施工的技术与组织方案，最后带领专业化的施工队完成施工。

▼部分穆钧参与设计的使用夯土的项目，selected projects with the use of rammed earth

4. 在现代生土建筑项目中，你们是如何在生土材料的基础上提升建筑的抗震性能的？

In modern rammed earth projects, how do you improve the earthquake resistance of the building?

我们不能指望依靠一种材料解决所有问题。建筑本身是由多种材料优势互补、相互协同形成的一个系统，要提升建筑的抗震性能，除建筑设计本身以外，需要一套涵盖材料、结构、施工三个层面的系统组合拳。

对于现代夯土建筑，首先建筑布局、空间形式乃至洞口开设等细节应符合夯土材料自身的特性以及施工工艺特点。在此基础上，通过论证选择适宜的结构体系，依据生土材料性能和施工工艺特点优化结构体系、细化相关构造系统。

框架结构和墙承重结构是现代夯土建筑常采用的两种建筑结构体系。对于前者，夯土墙只是扮演着围护墙或填充墙的角色，抗震设计的重心在于夯土墙内部构造及其与框架结构和其他构件的连接构造设计，使夯土墙与主体结构之间形成抗震的协同体。

夯土墙承重结构体系，常应用于乡村低层农宅。其实既有的“上下圈梁-构造柱”抗震措施也同样适用于夯土墙承重建筑。我们的结构专家周铁钢教授通过振动台试验，也论证了采用这一抗震措施的 2 层及以下现代夯土房屋，完全可满足至少 8.5 度地震设防烈度的抗震要求。

We cannot expect to rely on one material to solve all problems. Architecture is a system composed of various materials complementing each other. If we want to improve the earthquake resistance of the building, except for the architectural design, we have to develop a combined solution including material, structure and construction.

For modern rammed earth architecture, firstly, its layout, space form and fenestration should fit the material and construction characteristics of the earth. Then we have to select a suitable structural system and optimize it accordingly, refining the related construction system.

Frame structure and wall structure are the two structure systems that are usually used in modern rammed earth architecture. In frame structure buildings, rammed earth walls only act as enclosures and the seismic design mainly focuses on the inner construction of the wall itself and the joints between the wall and the frame structure as well as other components.

Rammed earth load-bearing wall structure is usually used for low-rise houses in the countryside. The existing construction method of columns with ring beams on the upper and lower sides is also fit for rammed earth buildings.

▼夯土结构抗震实验，seismic experiment of rammed earth construction

在法国、奥地利、德国等现代夯土建筑发展较早的国家或地区，大多抗震设防烈度相对较低，建筑抗震的挑战不大。而在我国具有夯土建造传统的地区，多分布于西部和东南地震带，建筑抗震始终是我们的研究重心之一。通过过去近 20 年的研究和实践，我们形成了一系列行之有效的设计方法和技术积累，可以说在现代夯土建筑抗震方面，我们已经走在世界的前沿。

In countries like France, Austria and Germany, the study of modern rammed earth was started relatively early. However, the risk of earthquakes in these districts is relatively low so earthquake resistance is not a big challenge. In contrast, rammed earth construction in China is mainly distributed on the seismic belts in the west and southeast so earthquake resistance is always one of our research focuses. After 20 years of study and practice, we have created a series of effective design methods and techniques, putting our anti-seismic technology in modern rammed earth architecture at the forefront of the world.

▼与国外生土建筑专家交流，communication with earth architecture experts from abroad

万涧书屋其实是一个改造项目，与上述新建的夯土建筑有所不同。原来是个土坯房，作为村大队的造纸作坊。1981 年作坊停办后废弃至今。改造前，作为承重构件的土坯墙已不堪重负，坡屋面木结构年久失修已无法再利用。

这个项目有我们蒋蔚老师牵头负责。利用屋面结构替换更新的契机，我们采取了相应的策略：加固并优化原有房屋结构体系，并充分结合新结构体系设计，优化室内空间布局，提升室内空间品质与功能使用弹性，满足多种活动形式的空间利用需求。

其中，置入室内空间的混凝土框架是关键。这一方桌形态的框架体置入，可以说一举多得：

1. 接替已局部外闪的原夯土外墙的承重角色，承载整个屋面系统；

2. 混凝土框架与夯土外墙之间通过修缮后的次屋面檩条和墙顶木圈梁拉结形成一体，从而使混凝土框架发挥类似核心筒的作用，有效抵御地震作用力，确保房屋的整体结构安全；

3. “方桌”上部的一半桌面作为平台，与同样依托方桌承载的双坡主屋面共同营造出一个充满阳光、竹影、山景的二层静怡空间；

4. 混凝土框架梁、L 型柱、兼做楼梯之用的书架以及土坯外墙，共同成为重新定义室内空间、满足多功能弹性使用需要的空间界定要素。

▼万涧书屋外观，external view of Wanjian Library

▼设计概念与改造更新后的屋面，design concept and renovated roof

In fact, Wanjian Library is a renovation project. It was originally an adobe house that functioned as a papermaking workshop in the village. The building had been abandoned since 1981. The adobe walls could no longer bear any heavy weight and the wooden structure of the roof was in its disrepair. Taking the opportunity of replacing the roof structure, Mr. Jiang Wei as the leading architect enhanced the original structure and optimized the layout accordingly, improving the quality and flexibility of the interior space to accommodate various kinds of activities. The installation of the concrete frame was the key point. It replaced the role of the original rammed earth wall to bear the roof structure. The concrete frame and the rammed earth wall were combined by the restored purlins and the wooden ring beam on the top of the wall, so that the frame would act as a core tube, effectively resisting earthquakes and ensuring the safety of the whole structure. A small attic was created by the upper half of the “table”, creating a tranquil space filled with sunlight, bamboo shadows and mountain views under the sloped roof which was also supported by the “table”. The concrete frame, L-shaped column, staircase with bookshelves and rammed earth walls redefine the interior space together, meeting the needs of flexible use.

▼作为空间核心的钢筋混凝土“桌子”具有多重角色，the reinforced concrete “table”, as the core of the space, plays multiple roles

▼“桌子”与原有土坯墙共同承担着屋面荷载，the “table” shares the roof load with the original adobe walls

其实，这些年来在乡村实践过程中，我们一直在思考探索适合于乡村发展现状的建筑设计与建造技术路径。尤其针对相对粗放的乡村施工条件和组织模式，如何采用简单、朴素，且易于操作的技术措施，来解决复杂的问题，在满足功能需求的同时，营造丰富的空间体验。万涧书屋这个项目，是其中一个典型的研究实践案例。

During these years of rural practice, we kept exploring architecture design and construction methods that would fit the current development of rural districts, using simple, plain and easy techniques to solve complicated problems, create a rich space experience as well as meet the functional requirements.

▼“桌子”同时界定出多个弹性功能空间及其相应的空间体验，the“table” defines multiple flexible functional spaces and their corresponding spatial experiences

5. 二里头遗址博物馆项目中，生土墙体与其他材料制成的围护结构交错呈现，为了保证不同材料交接处的简洁外观，你们在节点上做了哪些设计？

In the Heritage Museum of Xia Dynasty in Erlitou, rammed earth walls and enclosures made of other materials alternate in the space. In order to keep the appearance pure and simple, how did you design the joints between different materials?

不同材料、构件的交接是体现设计与施工品质的关键之一。二里头夏都遗址博物馆采用的是钢筋混凝土框架结构，夯土墙仅作为围护结构。因此，夯土墙专项设计的重心集中于构造层面，其包括夯土墙内部构造和夯土墙与结构梁柱、门窗、管线设备等构件或其他材料的连接构造。

构造设计除应满足基本的抗震安全要求以外，须顺应甚至利用夯筑施工工艺特点，并与同步进行的施工组织设计相协同。这也是影响不同材料、构件交接部位呈现品质的要点之一。

例如，跨度较小的门窗洞口采用了钢板门窗套，其兼起洞口过梁与窗间夯土墙施工模板的作用，在窗套预埋固定后再进行窗间墙的夯筑，不仅提升了施工效率，而且有利于确保窗套与洞口的贴合精度。

▼博物馆外观，external view of the museun

▼土与铜，earth and copper

▼庭院与材料结合细部，courtyard and details of the combination between different materials

The combination of different materials and components is one of the key elements to reflecting the quality of construction. The Heritage Museum of Xia Dynasty in Erlitou was constructed in reinforced concrete frame structure and the rammed earth walls were merely for enclosing. Therefore, the design of the rammed earth wall focused on the construction level, including the inner construction of the wall itself and the joints between the wall and the beams, columns, doors, windows, pipes and other materials. Besides meeting the basic seismic requirement, the construction design had to make use of the characteristics of the ramming technique in cooperation with the construction organization design. For example, covers made of steel panels were applied to small span openings, which could also be used as the formwork of the rammed earth walls between the windows. The walls were built after the window covers were fixed, which not only improved the construction efficiency, but also ensured the precise combination between the covers and the openings.

▼室内空间，夯土墙与富有几何感的屋顶，interior space, rammed earth walls and the geometric roof

▼施工过程，框架完工后建造夯土墙，construction process, build the rammed earth wall after the completion of the frame structure

6. 只有河南戏剧幻城项目中建造了高耸的夯土墙体，如此巨大的构筑是如何实现的？夜晚，墙面上可以投影出丰富的画面，设计建造夯土墙体时在灯光呈现方面有哪些考量。

How did the huge constructions of the high rammed earth walls in Zhiyou Henan project be realized? In the night, there are rich projections on the walls. What did you think of lighting when designing the rammed earth walls?

这道夯土墙是戏剧幻城的主立面，全长 326 米，高 15 米。当时业主找到我们时，夯土墙毗邻的建筑施工图已完成，基础施工已经开始，因此夯土墙无法从临近建筑获得侧向支撑，只能采用独立结构。对于这样一个超长的片状高墙，在总体墙厚受限的情况下，如何确保其抗震安全是我们面临的最大挑战。

经过我们周铁钢教授的反复研究测算，最终我们采用钢筋混凝土基墙作为抗震主体结构，依托该基墙通过单侧支模夯筑 350mm 厚的土墙，并通过土墙内部构造与基墙进行拉结，相当于把夯土体“挂”在基墙上。

由于夯土墙的干缩系数远大于混凝土墙体，按此计算，其中最长的 180 米的连续墙段，累计干缩可高达 1 米以上。而采用基墙满“挂”夯土的技术策略，也有助于将超长夯土墙带来的干缩问题，平均分解在整个墙段，避免产生危及夯土墙安全和耐久性的严重裂缝。

而最终呈现的墙面自然龟裂效果，更符合该项目策划王潮歌导演以及业主希望的“朴素沧桑”的视觉效果定位。

▼项目远景，大面积夯土墙，distanced view of the project with large areas of rammed earth walls

▼15 米的高耸墙体，15-meter hight walls

The rammed earth wall functions as the main façade of the project, which is 326-meter long and 15-meter high. When the client reached out to us, the construction drawings of the building adjacent to the wall had already been completed and the foundation construction had started. Therefore, the rammed earth wall could not get any side support from the adjacent buildings so it had to use an independent structure. For such an extremely long and high wall, how to ensure the earthquake resistance within the limited thickness was the biggest challenge we were facing. After repeated research and calculation, Prof. Zhou Tiegang decided to build a reinforced concrete foundation wall as the main body to resist earthquakes. The formwork was installed along one side of the foundation for the construction of the rammed earth wall. The wall was combined with the foundation through invisible joints as if hanging on it. As the coefficient of shrinkage of rammed earth is much higher than that of concrete, by using the technology of “hanging” the rammed earth wall to the foundation, the shrinkage could be equally distributed to the whole wall, solving the shrinkage problem brought by the extreme length and avoiding serious cracks that would threaten the safety of the construction. Finally, the natural cracks on the wall surface properly reflected the concept of “simplicity and roughness” described by the client and Director Wang Chaoge, who was the planner of the project.

▼夯土墙近景，closer view of the rammed earth wall

▼墙面近景，沧桑的质感，closer view to the wall surface with a rough feeling

夯土墙上的灯光秀是业主专门邀请韩国的灯光设计公司设计的。我们并未针对灯光秀做专门的处理，反而是灯光公司根据夯土墙的色彩、肌理特点来调整设置相关的投影参数，以实现更好地呈现效果。从实际运行的结果来看，灯光秀总体效果还是非常不错的，尤其在中、近距观看时，夯土墙面肌理的参与，会带来层次更加丰富的观演体验。

A Korean light show design company was commissioned to design the lighting effects by the client. We didn’t do anything special on the rammed earth walls to cope with the lighting system. In contrast, the lighting company adjusted their design according to the color of the earth after they saw the sample of the wall. Viewed from different distances, the texture of the rammed earth wall interacts with the illumination, creating rich layers of visual experience.

▼灯光秀，light show

7. 北京园艺博览会中国馆序厅中的生土墙面上设置了不规则的透光孔，为厚重的生土墙体带来了一定的透明性。这样的效果是如何产生的？为什么要这么做？

On the rammed earth wall in the Chinese Pavilion of Beijing International Horticultural Exhibition, you designed irregular light holes, providing transparency to the thick wall. How did this effect be realized and why did you design it like this?

这是一个临时性的展陈项目，由清华大学张烈老师牵头策划设计，以“万物生长”为主题，我们负责其中夯土展墙的专项设计与施工。

张老师看到我们在马岔村民活动中心项目中，把亚克力棒夯到土墙中的效果，提出一个有意思的想法，就是在夯入土墙中的亚克力棒后面装入不同类型的植物种子，由背光将种子光影投射至前端，形成种子土中蓄势待发的寓意。

当然，亚克力棒的大小、分布是需要结合夯筑施工进行专门的推敲设计。

夯筑是一个很有意思的工艺，只要符合工艺的基本特点和要求，可以结合很多不同的材料或构件，呈现出丰富多变的视觉效果。

▼马岔村民活动中心外观，夯土墙上设有开洞，external view of the Macha Villagers’ Activity Center, rammed walls with openings

▼透明材料与夯土结合给室内外空间带来丰富的昼夜体验变化，combination of transparent material and rammed earth creating various experiences in the day and night

This was a temporary exhibition project curated by Mr. Zhang Lie from Tsinghua University. The concept was “the growth of all things on the earth” and we were commissioned to design and construct the rammed earth exhibition wall for the project. After visiting our project of Macha Village Activity Center and seeing the effects created by the acrylic rods embedded in the rammed earth wall, Mr. Zhang came up with an interesting idea of putting seeds at the end of the rods which could be seen when illuminated, indicating seeds growing out of the earth. We had to carefully decide the position and density distribution of the acrylic rods according to the construction. Ramming is a very interesting technique. As long as it meets the basic requirements of the technique, we could combine rammed earth with various materials and components, generating diverse visual effects.

▼园艺博览会中国馆序厅内部概览，overall view of the interior space ofthe Chinese Pavilion of Beijing International Horticultural Exhibition

▼夯土墙面上埋设亚克力棒形成光点，acrylic rods embedded in the rammed earth walls creating spots of light

8.你们开发了不同纹理和粒度的生土材料以及多种生土制成的家具等产品，如何看待生土材料在表现形式上的创新？

Your studio has developed earth materials with different textures and particle sizes, as well as earth-made products. What is your perspective on the innovative use of earth?

同样是夯筑工艺，土料构成、结构构造、水分控制、夯锤模具、夯击力度、干燥过程等关联要素中任一项的变化，都会对夯土肌理、色彩、形态、强度等效果带来影响，使土墙最终呈现出的感官效果大不相同。

随着生土材料科学及其相关技术体系的不断完善，这些相互关联的要素和变量已从过去的随机不可控逐渐成为创作可以依托的工具，其所带来的结果的多元与多样化为生土在材料表现、建筑设计乃至工艺设计领域的应用带来了巨大的探索空间。

这也是过去十多年间，我们在基础研究和项目实践之余，不断探索生土材料表现与设计应用潜力的动力来源。

以不同原色的生土为材，从大量小型试件出发，到墙体片段，直至进入建筑尺度，在强度、色彩、肌理、形态等层面，不断进行开放式的设计与制作尝试已成为团队师生日常工作的常态，甚至也成为硕士新生加入团队之初的必修功课，如同建筑学一年级的“墨线训练”，动手练心，并以生土为载体，理解材料表现及其之于设计的本质。

▼河南幻城中的夯土接待台和马赛克饰面，rammed earth reception table and mosaic cladding in the Henan Huancheng project

The composition of the earth, construction of the structure, moisture, rammer and formwork, intensity of ramming, drying process, etc., are combined factors in ramming technique and change in any one of the factors would influence the texture, color, form and strength of the rammed earth, creating significant differences in the completed wall.

As the discipline of earth construction and related technical system is being developed, these once random and uncontrollable elements gradually became reliable tools for design, ending with countless possibilities for us to explore in the fields of material performance, architecture design or even art craft design.

It has become our daily work to constantly test the strength, color, texture and form of the material by making different-sized products, from small scale blocks and wall parts to real buildings. It also became a required course for new graduate students to join our team. Using the earth as the medium, they could polish their mind through handwork, understanding the essence of material performance and its meaning to design.

▼土上工作室开发的夯土产品，rammed earth products developed by Onearth studio

▼各种各样的夯土摆件与装饰品，various rammed earth decorations

以此为基础，近年来我们也在工艺品类的尺度层面，积极探索生土材料更为多元细腻的表现潜力及其相应的加工技术。

与大众的常规认知不同，由于材料尺度缩小带来的总体强度的下降，工艺品设计对材料单位面积或体积的力学强度的要求，往往远高于建筑尺度下对同一材料的要求。这也是生土材料在工艺品类设计应用需要应对的核心挑战之一。

为此，在建筑层面已形成的成果经验的基础上，我们进一步挖掘国内外生土材料性能优化的传统智慧，结合生土材料科学相关理论并引入 3D 打印等新型技术工具，通过大量毫米级尺度的制作试验，目前已形成了一系列基于原料构成、材料加工、外力强度、水分控制、模具形态等多因素平衡控制的生土制品加工方法。

这些近人尺度形成的成果和经验，反过来又进一步推动了建筑尺度的技术进步。

我们相信通过创造性的设计，生土材料会继续不断地为我们生活的各个方面提供更多美好的选择。

In contrast to normal cognition, as the overall strength of the material would go down with the size of the product, the requirement for strength per unit area of artwork is always higher than buildings using the same material. This is the core challenge we have to deal with when designing earth products. Based on our experience of architectural design and construction, we looked into the traditional wisdom worldwide to optimize the properties of the material. We have also introduced new tools into the study, such as 3D printer, and made numerous experiments on millimeter level. A series of techniques have been developed based on the material composition, material process, external force intensity, moisture control and formwork shape. The experience gained from making human-scale rammed earth products would in turn facilitate the technical progress in architecture-scale projects. I believe that through our creative work, earth as a material will constantly provide beautiful choices for every aspect of our life.

▼3D 打印的生土器物，earth objects created by 3D printing

▼参数化设计的生墙面，earth wall surface created through parametric design

9.

你们致力在乡村贫困地区推广生土营造，并会培养当地工匠参与建造。这样做的原因和目的是什么？您曾遇到过村民将建好的夯土墙面涂白的情况，如何平衡设计师与使用者的审美需求，让人们理解生土材料本身的美感？

You have been dedicated to promote earth construction in rural districts and fostered local craftsmen to participate into the construction process. Why did you make such efforts and what is your purpose? In some of your projects, the villagers painted the rammed earth wall white after its completion. How did you balance the aesthetic requirements between the designers and the users? How to make people understand the beauty of earth itself?

年轻的时候我也很不理解村民们的审美标准。随着在乡村开展工作的不断深入，逐渐意识到，这不是一个简单的所谓审美问题，其背后的核心是价值取向。

近几十年，伴随着进城打工潮，村民们逐渐形成了以所谓发达与否来判断好坏，认为城里的东西都是好的，村里的老东西都是落后的，甚至都是丑的，尤其谁家要是还住在土房子里，就说明那家没钱没本事。

在这种价值取向下，如果给他们盖一栋土房子，哪怕他真觉得住得舒服，哪怕建筑师再如何对他们说这房子很现代、很结实，村民们难以从心理上直接认同这是美的，对于他们来说这依然是象征贫困落后的土房子。

因此，这些年除了基础研究以外，我们的实践重心同时放在相辅相成的两个方面：

一方面，我们持续发动和指导村民工匠在全国有夯土建造传统的地区兴建夯土示范房，在向当地进行示范推荐的同时，利用示范房建设培养村民工匠，然后受训后的熟练工匠再带领和指导当地村民开展示范建设。

另一方面，随着近年城乡建筑市场对现代夯土技术的应用需求不断增大，我们也会有意识地把这些熟练工匠介绍到商业项目的施工单位，请他们把握关键施工环节，也给他们创造更多改善生计的机会。

在经历了各种民宿、社区中心、酒店，尤其二里头夏都遗址博物馆、北京世界园艺博览会这样国家级项目之后，我们发现村民们观念会发生根本的转变：“没想到我们老祖宗留下来的这些传统玩意儿，还能用来建这么高大上的房子”。那是一种油然而生的自豪感。

尤其近年来，当看到越来越多采用传统技术兴建或在传统民居的基础上改造而成的高端民宿、酒店项目，一晚的房价甚至高达几千元，而且旺季还一房难求，村民们自然不会再认为他们的传统还是贫困落后的象征了。

因此，表面看似是审美的问题，但实质上还是价值取向的问题，是需要在城乡社会经济发展的过程中循序渐进进行引导的。

I was bewildered by the villagers’ aesthetics when I was young. As I have completed more and more rural projects, I gradually realized that it is not merely an aesthetic problem. It is a problem driven by values. In recent decades, following the tide of working in the cities, villagers started to judge things based on whether it is advanced or not. They thought that everything in the city was better or more beautiful than that in the village.

Therefore, except for basic research, I mainly focus on two aspects of my practice. On the one hand, I keep launching demonstration housing projects in the districts with the tradition of rammed earth construction and fostering craftsmen among the villagers. The trained villagers could teach other villagers to build more rammed earth houses after the project. On the other hand, as the need for modern rammed earth technique was growing in the urban and rural construction market, we would intentionally introduce the villager craftsmen to the construction teams of commercial projects and let them handle the key points, providing a chance for them to improve their lives. Their minds were completely changed after they had experienced various rammed earth projects, from guest houses, community centers and hotels, to national projects like the Heritage Museum of Xia Dynasty in Erlitou and the Chinese Pavilion of Beijing International Horticultural Exhibition. It was a sense of pride that naturally arose. Especially in recent years, more and more high-end guest houses and hotel projects were transformed from traditional rural residences and used traditional building techniques. Although they are very expensive, it is difficult to find an empty room during the tourist season. Thus the villagers will no longer regard their tradition as a symbol of underdevelopment.

▼在各地开展的现代夯土农宅示范与推广建设，promotion and construction of modern rammed house farmhouse in different districts

在欠发达地区，村民盖房子，住得是否舒服只是一方面，更重要的是这个新房子是给其他人看的，村里人觉得好不好是更重要的。我的博士导师吴恩融教授曾经告诉我一个案例：美国一个科研机构针对弱势群体开发了一项新技术，示范推广阶段并没有找所针对的弱势群体，而是说服当地最有钱的人家率先使用。一旦当地人看到有钱人家都在用，那自然先入为主认为是好东西了，而且一看价钱能接受，后续的推广自然就会非常顺畅。

作为建筑师，我们自然肩负着很重要的责任。在项目设计过程中，我们要深入挖掘了解业主观点背后的初衷或原因，往往这样我们就会发现业主看似不专业的观念是可以理解的，毕竟在专业经验和认知视野方面，业主自然是不如建筑师的。在理解了业主初衷后，建筑师相对也就更容易向他们推荐同样可以达到目的，但可以带来更多附加价值的设计与技术策略。

当然另一方面，我们也要守住专业的底线。其实大家都知道，这两句话说着容易，做起来非常难。但是我相信只要有这个血泪史，就说明建筑师努力过；只要大家在努力，这就是一个积极的过程。

从当前到可预见的未来，建筑行业持续下行是难以避免的。也正因为拿项目不易，设计方和施工方会更努力地投入每一个可以抓得住的项目，从宏观尺度来看，这也有助于让建筑行业朝着以设计品质、施工质量为导向，而非过去以效率和性价比为主导的方向发展。

As architects, we are responsible for the architectural field. During the design process, we have to dig out the original intention of the clients and provide design and technical solutions to realize their purpose and bring additional value to the project. On the other hand, we have to keep the bottom line of our profession. I believe that the difficulties we have met indicate the efforts we have paid. As long as we are trying, it will be a positive process. In the predictable future, the recession in the construction market will be inevitable. Because it is very hard to get new projects, the architects would be more dedicated to the projects that they can grasp. From a long-term perspective, it will help the architecture industry to develop in a better direction driven by the quality of design and construction.

▼村民参与土房子的施工过程，villagers participated in the construction process of the rammed earth house

10.土上建筑工作室和现代生土建筑研究与发展中心目前正在进行哪些实践和研究？发现了哪些关于生土建造的新议题和新方向？未来有哪些计划？

What practice and research projects are Onearth Studio and the Research and Develop Center of Contemporary Earth Architecture doing currently? What new issues have you found in earth construction? What is your plan for the future?

因为疫情，我已经快一年没出过北京，很多项目都无法启动，所以我们现在更多的精力是放在了一些基础性的工作上。

比如，我们联合中国美术学院王澍老师团队、昆明理工大学柏文峰老师团队，以及国内十余家高校、科研设计单位，编制了中国第一部生土建筑标准：《现代夯土建筑技术规程》，现在已经进入评审阶段。

可以说这部技术规程具有从无到有的里程碑意义，随着后续不断地拓展完善，将为生土建筑的研究、实践和可持续发展奠定十分必要的标准依据。

此外，尽管当前现代生土建筑建造技术研究和应用获得了大幅发展，但在生土材料特有的生态性能认知方面，我们发现不论在国内还是在国际，仍存在科学机理不明、运行原理不清的问题，极大地制约了生土材料生态性能优势的充分发挥和实践应用。

比如，生土材料蓄热、吸湿的突出性能源于其多孔重质的特点，而目前国内市场大量通过化学类添加剂来提升生土材料的力学和耐水性能的做法，难以避免的会影响其原有蓄热、吸湿的特性；与此同时，生土材料的蓄热、吸湿性能至今缺乏可量化的数据支撑，因此无法作为计算依据引入节能建筑计算，极大地制约了生土材料融入现代建筑设计体系。

而这些都是需要首先理清生土材料这些生态性能背后的科学机理问题的。

作为高校团队，我们有责任、有义务在基础研究方面投入更多的精力。

We have drafted the first technical standard of earth architecture in China in collaboration with the team of Prof. Wang Shu of China Academy of Art, the team of Prof. Bai Wenfeng of Kunming University of Technology, and more than ten domestic universities and research institutes. It is a benchmark progress that has realized the zero to one stage. After constantly improving, it will set standards for research, practice and sustainable development in earth construction. Although we have made great progress in earth construction techniques, we still haven’t figured out the scientific principal behind the ecological features of earth. We haven’t done any quantified study on its thermal storage and moisture absorption properties so that earth material cannot be added into the existing calculation formulas for energy efficiency, significantly restricting it from integrating into the modern design system. As university scholars, it is our responsibility and obligation to take in-depth research into these aspects.

▼首部生土建筑技术规程初稿，draft of the first technical standard of earth architecture

除了基础研究，我们的另一个工作重心，就是结合项目实践、产品开发、示范建设、展览等工作，在不同尺度层面探索和拓展生土以及其他自然材料的设计应用潜力。