工业遗址重生 · 马萨诸塞州铸铁厂公园的绿色转型丨意大利马萨丨STIMSON

来自 ASLA Ferrous Foundry Park | STIMSON

项目概述

PROJECT STATEMENT

铸铁厂公园位于马萨诸塞州劳伦斯市北运河历史区、斯皮克特河与梅里马克河的交汇处。在劳伦斯市政府和 Groundwork Lawrence 的合作下，这块工业棕地用超过 15 年的时间转变成了一座新的公园。项目团队于 2014 年接触该项目时，场地内的工业用途已经终止，其独特的自生植物群落和由铸砂构成的小丘为公园的重生带来了令人兴奋的可能性。它作为城市中充满野趣的绿地，不仅展现了自身的历史和自然的力量，还以一种自发的方式为后工业场地赋予了新的生命力。铸铁厂公园是劳伦斯城市面貌的真实体现，同时也成功地证明了如何借助设计的力量，将一处被忽视的工业遗址转变为前所未有的景观体验。该公园彰显了社区参与的强大作用，在设计团队的认真聆听与耐心阐释下，原本缺少服务的社区重新获得了高质量的绿色空间。

Ferrous Foundry Park is located at the confluence of the Spicket and Merrimack Rivers in the North Canal Historic District of Lawrence, MA. The conversion of this industrial brownfield site to a public park—over 15 years in the making—was brought to fruition by a collaboration between the City of Lawrence and Groundwork Lawrence. When the design team was introduced to the project in 2014, industrial uses had ceased and the site’s unique spontaneous plant communities and mound of casting sands revealed exciting opportunities for the park to be reborn as an urban wild, celebrating its past and the power of nature to spontaneously revegetate a post-industrial site. Ferrous Foundry Park is an authentic representation of the City of Lawrence and a successful example of the power of design to transform a neglected, post-industrial site into a unique landscape experience. The Park illuminates the power of community engagement coupled with careful listening and interpretation by the design team to provide quality green spaces for underserved communities.

▲劳伦斯的社会历史：马萨诸塞州的劳伦斯市是波士顿以北 30 英里处的一座工厂城市。长期以来，公有和私有系统的开采活动使有色人种社区遭到隔离，同时破坏了当地环境，使其容易受到气候危机的影响。

LAWRENCE SOCIAL HISTORY. Lawrence, Massachusetts, a mill city 30 miles north of Boston, has a long history of extractive public and private systems that have segregated communities of color and left the environment distressed and vulnerable to the impacts of the climate crisis.

项目说明

PROJECT NARRATIVE

文化历史

马萨诸塞州的劳伦斯市位于波士顿以北 30 英里处，它是一座工厂城市，历史上长期被公有和私有的开采系统占据，这些系统不仅让低收入的有色人种社区遭到隔离，同时也造成了环境困境，越来越容易受到气候危机的影响。1848 年，以工业社区进行规划的劳伦斯市因纺织品和纸张的生产而闻名世界。19 世纪末，该市的迅速工业化吸引了来自欧洲和中东的移民。到了 1950 年代，去工业化的进程日渐加快，来自波多黎各的移民急剧增加。今天，超过 40%的劳伦斯市民来自美国境外，其中大部分来自多米尼加和中美洲。大多数居民（82%）为有色人种，其中也包括大量的波多黎各人。

社区组织

1996 年，一个由当地利益相关者组成的协作团队（包括纺织品制造商、业主、城市官员、社区组织和居民）与美国国家公园管理局建立了合作关系，共同致力于“Groundwork Lawrence”的工作。在可行性研究的基础上，该团队利用精确且以人为本的方法来进行绿地的选址和开发，旨在恢复城市地区的自然环境。从构思到长期的规划和管理，利益相关者在对制定社区未来发展的决策方面具备了高度的自主权。Groundwork Lawrence 通过对社区历史进行坦率且透明的讨论来支持一系列项目，包括协调种植方案和开发河滨绿道等等，这样的参与模式正在重新建立居民与他们创造的环境以及自然环境之间的关系。

修复斯皮克特（梅里马克河的一条小支流）的过程表明，Groundwork 致力于采取以人为本的方法来建立公民的自豪感以及他们对该地区的潜力的认可。河流目前所需解决的问题是显而易见的：这里曾经堆满了垃圾，居民们希望能够快点将其清理干净。2002 年，Groundwork 对斯皮克特河进行了重新组织和规划，并发起了“Keep it Clean”运动，首次对斯皮克特河开展大规模的清理工作。与此同时，Groundwork 还与州和地方部门、企业主以及当地机构建立了伙伴关系，共同规划并建造斯皮克特河绿道（Spicket River Greenway）：一个 3.5 英里长的全新河滨公园网络，在条件允许的情况下，它将由一条街外道路连通。铸铁厂公园的建立正是以上举措的成果。

场地历史

在 19 世纪和 20 世纪，铁矿一直和劳伦斯的工业综合体切断了社区与梅里马克河的联系，对环境和当地居民都造成了不良的影响。在 1880 年代末，这个已经退化的场地成为了劳伦斯实验站（Lawrence Experiment Station）的所在地——这是世界上最早的水质测试和环境研究实验室之一。

20 世纪，该场地被 Ferrous Technologies 铸造厂占据，他们使用砂模铸件为劳伦斯的工厂生产铁制品，并将这片土地用于倾卸烧焦的橙色砂模铸件废料。1990 年代，在铸造厂停止工业经营之后，破旧的建筑和受污染的砂堆被留在了现场。

2014 年，Groundwork Lawrence 收购了近 5 英亩的土地和地役权用于修建公园，该场地在社区中的作用也随之发生了巨大的转变。Groundwork 通过广泛的青年参与提高了场地的声誉，年轻建筑师（Young Architects）小组为之提出了早期的设计方案，绿色团队（Green Team）完成了快速生态评估（Rapid Ecological Assessments），此外每年还有 200-300 名青年参与斯皮克特河清洁活动。在公园得到开发之前，Groundwork 在现场发起的青年参与活动显著提升了公众对该项目的支持意愿。

社区目标

社区的热情鼓励、场地自生的植物群落和由铸砂构成的小丘，共同揭示了公园作为城市野地重生的独特机会。设计团队构想了一个根植于其工业历史的场所，证明了土地本身所具有的自我恢复的能力。

社区的目标是通过一系列面向所有人的功能方案（包括主动和被动使用）来重新与河流以及场地联系在一起。在成为公园之前，这里曾经被用作徒步路径、通向河流的入口以及团体郊游和社区钓鱼的地点。它也曾是一个进行非法倾倒的场地，并且被大劳伦斯卫生管理区用作污水排放处。

铸铁厂公园的设计认识并回应了劳伦斯各阶段的历史，包括它的社区、场地的使用状况以及大自然的生命力和治愈力。

场地条件

以茂密的自生植物群落为灵感，设计团队制定了一项以管理、保护和扩大现有植被为核心的策略。设计需要细致考量横跨公园用地红线的砂堆，因为项目指导方针和环境法规均要求将其完好地保留在场地当中。最终，由社区、景观建筑师、植物学家、持证场地专业人员、土壤科学家以及土木和结构工程师组成的团队，确定了用于实施保护、清理和重新引入适应性植物群落的关键区域。他们详细地探讨了土方工程的研究，以便了解需要被移动的砂堆的体积，以及如何在将它们纳入设计的同时，尽可能维持植物的自发生长。设计团队选择的方法是将砂堆作为一处具有纪念价值的地形和地标来进行提升和加固，使其成为一座 30 英尺（9.144 米）高的草甸山丘，并且结合无障碍的道路和突出的观景平台，提供俯瞰城市和周围水道的视野。

适应性的植物群落

设计方案提出，在因移动砂堆而受到土方工程影响的区域，要实现植物群落和物种的多样化。植物的搭配方案主要采用了已在现场发现的自生物种和其他能够适应区域环境的物种。植物园小径沿线种植有枫树、梧桐、梓树和榆树；长长的河桦树走廊充当了场地中的雨水收集器，呼应了梅里马克河岸自然生长的河桦树林。在草甸山丘上，较为陡峭的一侧坡地混合种植了燕麦、垂穗草和紫羊茅；较为平缓的一侧是由非禾本草本植物构成的授粉草地，一条小路从中穿过，直至山丘的顶部；乱石堆砌的护坡处穿插种植着不同品种的漆树，包括亮叶漆树、鹿角漆树和光滑漆树等。现场种植的树木整体上是对自生植物和多样化植物群落进行扩大的结果。通过将砂堆和既有植物结合在一起，该设计创造了一个沉浸式的环境，并将使新英格兰最大河流之一沿岸的棕地再度焕发活力。

场地系统

劳伦斯市的卫生和雨水管理系统与公园内的排污设施进行了结合。该项目要求降低雨水径流率以防止 CSO（混合下水道溢流）漫入关键栖息地。设计目标之一是要清晰地阐明能够解决以上状况的可执行措施。在与大劳伦斯卫生管理区的合作下，团队为设计提供了有价值的信息，并制定了可在该区域实施的、经过论证的策略。

铸铁厂公园的排水基础设施使人联想到场地曾经作为水质研究实验地的历史。与梅里马克河一起，这处 430 英尺（约 131 米）长的“雨水收集器”捕获了来自附近工业用地和公园的径流，并将其引导至一个种植着莎草和多年生植物的生物滞留区。这些植物可以在水流渗入梅里马克河之前起到过滤污染物和捕捉沉积物的作用。

为社区而生的公园

铸铁厂公园是劳伦斯城市面貌的真实体现，也是一个让利益相关者充分参与、将被忽视的工业遗址转变为前所未有的景观体验的成功范例。该公园彰显了社区参与的强大作用，在设计团队的认真聆听与耐心阐释下，原本缺少服务的社区重新获得了高质量的绿色空间。

▲场地分析：由社区、景观建筑师、植物学家、持证场地专业人员、土壤科学家以及土木和结构工程师组成的团队，确定了用于实施保护、清理和重新引入适应性植物群落的关键区域。

SITE ANALYSIS. The design team, comprised of the community, public organizations, landscape architects, botanists, licensed site professionals, soil scientists, and civil and structural engineers, identified key areas for preservation, clearing, and reintroduction of adapted plant communities.

▲服务社区：社区的目标是通过一系列面向所有人的功能方案（包括主动和被动使用）来重新与河流以及场地联系在一起。SERVING THE COMMUNITY. The community’s goal was to reconnect with the rivers and the site through passive- and active-use programming for all.

设计根植于场地的工业历史，证明了土地本身所具有的自我恢复的能力。The design imagined a place informed by its industrial past that illustrates the ability of the land to spontaneously restore itself.

▲雨水收集器：430 英尺长的沉积物前池以石笼和织网屏障建造，能够捕捉来自附近工业用地和场地内的径流。收集器通过过滤污染物和沉积物使其免于流入梅里马克河，以此回应了场地过滤雨水的历史。THE COLLECTOR. A 430-foot sediment forebay constructed with gabions and jersey barriers captures runoff from an adjacent industrial lot and site. The Collector references the site’s history of water filtration by filtering pollutants and sediments from reaching the Merrimack River.

▲场地交汇点：一座定制的镀锌钢桥梁横跨于收集器之上，完成了从北运河到梅里马克河边缘的场地连接。新雨水花园的植物群落增加了场地的多样性和栖息地。THE SITE CONFLUENCE. A custom galvanized steel bridge spans the Collector, completing a site connection from the North Canal to the edge of the Merrimack River. A new rain garden plant community increases site diversity and habitat.

▲铸铁厂公园是位于马萨诸塞州劳伦斯市北运河历史区中心地带的一处野趣之地，其设计精准地捕捉了场地中自生植物群落的原始之美。FERROUS FOUNDRY PARK. Ferrous Foundry Park is an urban wild in the heart of the North Canal Historic District in Lawrence, MA. The design frames the raw beauty of the spontaneous plant communities.

▲社区入口路径：无障碍的通道蜿蜒地穿过天然生长的梓树、天堂树和黑槐树林。

COMMUNITY ACCESS. Accessible paths wind through spontaneous woodlands of catalpa, tree of heaven, and black locust.

▲治愈：以茂密的自生植物群落为灵感，设计团队制定了一项以管理、保护和扩大现有植被为核心的策略。HEALING. Dense areas of spontaneous vegetation inspired a strategy centered around management, preservation, and expansion of these existing plant communities.

▲北运河：铸铁厂公园的设计认识并回应了劳伦斯各阶段的历史，以及大自然的治愈能力。

NORTH CANAL. Ferrous Foundry Park recognizes the layered histories of the community and the site, as well as nature’s ability to heal.

作为一个四季皆宜的被动式公园，铸铁厂公园提供了通往河流与运河的路径、休闲步道和户外教学空间。

Designed as a passive-use park for all seasons, Ferrous offers river and canal access, recreational paths, and an outdoor classroom.

▲植物园小径沿线种植着从现场发现的各类树种。这条道路勾勒出了公园北运河与梅里马克河在南北方向上的连接关系。

ARBORETUM ALLÉE. A planted allée of assorted tree species found on site frames the north-south connection between the park’s North Canal and the Merrimack River edge.

▲团队合作：铸造厂公园的建立是设计团队、客户、承包商与劳伦斯社区努力合作的结果。来自当地的青年志愿者和设计团队参与了 30 英尺高的草甸山丘的种植工作。

TEAM COLLABORATION. The creation of Ferrous Foundry Park was a collaborative effort between the design team, client, contractor, and the Lawrence community. Local youth volunteers and the design team participated in the planting of the 30-foot tall meadow hill.

▲铸铁山丘：山丘的陡峭坡地被牛毛草和燕麦覆盖，较平缓的一侧则种植着乳草、金光菊、羽扇豆和紫菀。经过修剪的之字形小路穿过授粉草地，直达山丘的顶部。FERROUS HILL. Fescue and oats cover the hill’s steep slopes, while bands of milkweed, coneflower, lupine, and asters cover the shallow face. A mown switchback path cuts through the didactic pollinator meadow to the top of the hill.

▲经过雕琢的地貌：冬季，积雪覆盖着山丘陡峭和平缓的两面。THE SCULPTED LANDFORM. In winter, snow cover articulates the landform’s steeply sloping sides and shallow face.

▲铸铁山丘的植物群落：铸铁厂公园的设计将原本用于工业的砂堆改造为 30 英尺高的草甸山丘，而由原生物种和引入物种组成的植被区域则突出展现了整个场地的林地更替过程。

FERROUS HILL PLANT COMMUNITIES. The design of Ferrous Foundry Park celebrates the sand mound by transforming it into a 30-foot tall meadow hill, while zones of preserved and introduced vegetation highlight stages of woodland succession across the site.

▲为社区而生的公园：铸铁厂公园是劳伦斯城市面貌的真实体现，也是一个让利益相关者充分参与、将被忽视的工业遗址转变为前所未有的景观体验的成功范例。

A PARK FOR THIS COMMUNITY. Ferrous Foundry Park is an authentic representation of the City of Lawrence and a successful example of engaging stakeholders in a collaborative process to transform a neglected, post-industrial site into a unique landscape experience.

▲从突出的观景平台可以欣赏到梅里马克河与历史悠久的艾尔磨坊钟楼的风景。作为一处具有纪念价值的地形和社区的象征，这座山丘不论是从高速公路还是附近的水道都可以清楚地看见。PROMONTORY. Views of the Merrimack and the historic Ayer Mill Clock Tower can be seen from the hill’s promontory terrace. A and community symbol, the hill is visible from the highway and surrounding waterways.

PROJECT NARRATIVE

CULTURAL HISTORY

Lawrence, Massachusetts, a mill city located 30 miles north of Boston, has a long history of extractive public and private systems that have segregated low-income communities of color and left the environment distressed and increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of the climate crisis. Created as a planned industrial community in 1848, Lawrence became known throughout the world for its textile and paper production. As the city rapidly industrialized in the late 1800s, it attracted immigrants from Europe and the Middle East. By the 1950s, deindustrialization had accelerated and migration from Puerto Rico increased dramatically. Today, over 40% of Lawrence residents were born outside of the United States, with a majority coming from the Dominican Republic and Central America. Most residents (82%) are people of color, including a large Puerto Rican population.

COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION

In 1996, a collaborative group of local stakeholders including textile manufacturers, property owners, city officials, community-based organizations, and residents worked with the National Park Service to create Groundwork Lawrence. Building from the foundation of a feasibility study, the group utilized a precise, people-centered model for the siting and development of greenspaces and the restoration of the natural environment in urban areas. From conception through long-term programming and stewardship, stakeholders have been empowered to collaborate and make decisions about the future of their community. In projects that range from coordinated tree planting to the development of a riverfront greenway, Groundwork Lawrence has supported projects with frank and transparent discussions about community history. This model of engagement is reestablishing residents’ relationship to their built and natural environment.

Efforts to restore the Spicket River, a small Merrimack tributary, demonstrate Groundwork’s commitment to a people-centered approach to build civic pride and recognition for the site’s potential. The immediate needs were obvious. The river had been a dumping ground, and residents wanted to clean it up. In 2002, Groundwork organized The Spicket River: Keep it Clean campaign, the first ever large scale Spicket River clean-up effort. Groundwork also developed partnerships with state and local agencies, as well as business owners and local institutions, to collaboratively plan for and create the Spicket River Greenway, a 3.5-mile network of new riverfront parks connected, where possible, by an off-street path. The creation of the Ferrous Foundry Park is the culmination of this effort.

SITE HISTORY

During the 19th and 20th centuries, the Ferrous Site and Lawrence’s industrial complex severed the community from the Merrimack River, harming both the environment and the people of Lawrence. In the late 1880s, this degraded site became the home for the Lawrence Experiment Station, one of the first water quality testing and environmental research laboratories in the world.

In the 20th century the site was occupied by Ferrous Technologies, a foundry that used sand castings to produce iron products for Lawrence’s mill factories. The foundry used the land as a dumping ground for the discarded burnt orange sand castings. When industrial operations ceased in the late 1990s, Ferrous Technology left behind dilapidated buildings and a mound of contaminated casting sand.

The site’s role in the community changed dramatically in 2014 when Groundwork Lawrence acquired almost 5 acres of land and easements to establish a park. Groundwork raised the site’s profile through extensive youth engagement, with a Young Architects group creating early designs, the Green Team completing the Rapid Ecological Assessments, and 200-300 young people participating annually in the Spicket River Cleanup. Groundwork’s youth engagement at the site prior to park development cultivated strong public support for the project.

COMMUNITY GOALS

Community excitement for the project, combined with the site’s spontaneous plant communities and the mound of casting sands, revealed unique opportunities for the park to be reborn as an urban wild. The design team imagined a place informed by its industrial past that illustrates the ability of the land to spontaneously restore itself. The site’s re-birth would symbolize the community’s ability to heal and thrive.

The community’s goal was to reconnect with the rivers and the site through passive- and active-use programming for all. Prior to becoming a park, the site had been used for hikes, access to the rivers, youth group outings, and a fishing spot for the community. It had also been a place for illicit activities and dumping, and served as the location for the Greater Lawrence Sanitary District’s combined sewer outfall.

The design for Ferrous Foundry Park recognizes the layered histories of Lawrence, the community, the site’s uses, and the vigor of nature to heal.

SITE CONDITIONS

Dense communities of spontaneous vegetation inspired a strategy centered around management, preservation, and expansion of existing plants. The design required careful consideration of the sand castings mound straddling the park’s property line. Project guidelines and environmental regulations required the mound to be fully on the site. The design team, comprised of the community, landscape architects, botanists, licensed site professionals, soil scientists, and civil and structural engineers, identified key areas for preservation, clearing, and reintroduction of adapted plant communities. They exhaustively explored earthwork studies to understand the volume of sand that needed to be moved and how to sensitively integrate its total volume into the design while preserving as much spontaneous growth as possible. The team chose to strengthen the sand-casting mound as both a monumental landform and a focal point of the site, sculpting the sand into a 30 foot tall meadow hill, with accessible paths and a promontory terrace providing views of the City and surrounding waterways.

ADAPTED PLANT COMMUNITIES

The plan proposed diversification of the plant communities and species in areas disturbed by the earthwork required to move the sand castings. The introduced plant palette builds on the spontaneous species already found on site, as well as other regionally appropriate and adapted species. The arboretum allee includes maples, sycamores, catalpa, and elm, while the site’s stormwater collector was planted as a long corridor of river birches mirroring naturally occurring river birch along the Merrimack shore. At the meadow hill, the extreme slopes were planted with a seed mix of oats, sideoats grama, and red fescue. On the accessible face of the mound, a path cuts through the didactic pollinator meadow, comprised of bands of forbs, to the top of the mound. A mosaic of sumacs—winged, staghorn, and smooth sumac—were planted amongst the stone riprap armoring. The sum of the site planting is an amplification of the spontaneous vegetation and diversified plant communities. By incorporating the casting mound and existing plants, the design creates an immersive environment that will heal a critical brownfield site along the banks of one of New England’s largest rivers.

SITE SYSTEMS

The City of Lawrence’s sanitary and stormwater systems are combined with an outfall facility located on the Park’s site. The project required the reduction of stormwater runoff rates to prevent CSO overflows into critical habitats. A design goal was to visibly demonstrate performative measures that would eliminate these events. The design team engaged the Greater Lawrence Sanitary District to inform the design and develop demonstrable strategies that could be implemented throughout the District.

Ferrous Foundry Park’s drainage infrastructure recalls the site’s experimental water quality research history. Running parallel to the Merrimack River, a 430-foot Stormwater Collector captures runoff from an adjacent industrial site and the Park. Through the Collector, water is channeled into a bioretention area planted with sedges and perennials, which filter pollutants and capture sediments before infiltrating and draining to the Merrimack.

A PARK FOR THIS COMMUNITY

Ferrous Foundry Park is an authentic representation of the City of Lawrence and a successful example of engaging stakeholders in a collaborative process to transform a neglected, post-industrial site into a unique landscape experience. The Park illustrates the power of community engagement, coupled with careful listening and interpretation by the design team, to provide quality green spaces for underserved communities.