烟台花园海岸 · 山海城生命共同体规划丨中国烟台丨KCAP Architects & Planners

黄渤海新区拥有长达超过 100 公里海岸资源。近年来，大型工业港口的不断建设发展，中小型水产养殖业的沿海无序蔓延，海岸逐渐被工业和城市建设侵蚀，城海分离。同时，随着逐年严峻的全球气候挑战，临海岸线面临着风暴潮加剧、海平面上升带来的诸多潜在自然灾害。

2022 年随着黄渤海新区的成立，本地政府正在积极为这一片区的海岸线发展寻求新时期以未来品质为导向的滨海发展策略。2022 年 6 月，烟台黄渤海新区自然资源和规划局开展了烟台开发区国际海滨岸线概念方案国际咨询，选出了 KCAP B.V.、夏邦杰建筑设计咨询有限公司和雷瓦德景观规划设计有限公司共 3 家入围单位。最后，KCAP 团队凭借全域视角、多专业融合的规划理念，以“山-海-城”一体多维品质岸线动态开发模型的“烟台花园海岸”方案中标。

KCAP 从全域整体规划的视角出发，以生态为底，将山海城视作生命共同体，避免快速城市化带来的山海分离，有机融合发展滨海城市和海岸线。

KCAP was awarded first prize in the competition for the International Coastline Conceptual Design for the Yantai Economic and Technological Development Zone in China that took place in June. Objective was to transform the underused coastal area bordering the city of Yantai into a vibrant, international urban district with a beautiful natural coastline. KCAP’s vision, Yantai Seafront Garden, spans several scales and is rooted in the city’s evolution from North-eastern China’s historical open gateway to an Economic Development Zone.

▼串联海-城-站的活力中央轴线

a central axis connecting the sea, rail station and the harbour

在“烟台海岸花园”方案的愿景中，“海岸线”不只是一条图形概念上简单的线，也不只是有关海滩的有限狭长空间，它应该是一个包融海洋、山丘和城市等多元环境的整体复合系统。

In our view, a coastline is never just a simple “line” but a system that encompasses all the elements around it. In the case of Yantai, this means a multidimensional approach was needed that includes the city, mountains and coastal landscape,” says Ya-Hsin Chen, Associate Partner at KCAP.

▼“烟台海岸花园”总图，the master plan of Yantai Seafront Garden

给海岸景观和城市带来一个全新的、多维度的设计概念，这意味着“海岸线”在我们的定义中具有以下特征：在空间上，它是延展的；在内涵上，它是包容的；在时间上，它是生长的。

The redesigned coastline had to be extensive, an integral part of the existing urban space. It should also be inclusive, respect the existing while at the same time being innovative and geared towards active lifestyles. And, as with any long term planning strategy, it should be adaptable. The planning and management of a project on this scale is always a dynamic process, and every step forward is a pre-set and triggers the next actions and projects.

▼随着时间生长的海岸线，thecoastline that grows with time

生态为基 山海共栖

连绵的低山丘陵和漫长的海岸线塑造了烟台的骨架，闻名遐迩的果树种植和历史悠久的海洋经济是烟台特有的资源。承袭着在地特色文化的同时，工业化需求、城市化发展也给自然带来了更大压力。

如何恢复山海生态系统的自然延续性，抚育森林和湿地功能，同时规范和优化人类活动空间，协调保护和发展，是本项目应对的核心挑战。

方案将探索山城岸海生命共同体的发展演变，从山海一体的自然海岸到山海分离，现状面临着自然栖息地面积的减少、自然空间生态系统的单一化和人工化、生态系统功能降低、生物多样性水平降低、持续城市化等生态压力与挑战。

Key to the proposal is restoring the coastal areas, by returning the artificial coastline and production facilities (i.e. fish ponds) to nature, and implementing measures that protect it from erosion while creating new ecological habitats. The plan aims to rebuild the connection between the mountains and sea. By creating continuous natural areas, the ecosystem will be restored, which will foster biodiversity. The scheme also promotes the development and transformation of Yantai into a community based in ecology, and aims to prevent abrupt, ad-hoc urbanization which could lead to further fragmentation of the natural areas.

▼盐沼湿地鸟瞰，bird view of salt marsh wetlands

方案构建了一套全域的生态修复策略，从廊道、山体、海、城的不同维度，恢复高生物多样性和山海延续性的生态系统。

山海骨架孕育了多元在地物种。本项目目标物种体系由两部分构成：丘陵区域：高潮位以上高地和山丘，以鸟类、小型哺乳类、两栖和爬行类为目标物种。沙滩/礁石滩区域：潮间带及相邻近海区域，以鸟类、贝类和游泳动物为目标物种。

在持续风化、风积等作用下，自然力组建形成崖壁型基岩岸线、礁石型基岩岸线、河口泥质岸线、海岸砂质岸线四种自然岸线，并形成不同形态的潮间带生态系统。由于人类活动不断向海索地，大量岸线及潮间带被改造为填海造陆的硬质岸线和养殖围堰。现状依旧保留自然状态的岸线仅剩 23%。

海岸线是物质能量丰富、万物共荣的地区。我们的目标是恢复多样自然岸线肌理、恢复自然感潮河段和近岸潮间带和鱼类港湾、提升养殖生态性和功能复合型，以及提升海岸线优质空间的文化先锋性和空间共享性。

在尊重现状水文地貌的基础上，构建了四级分区策略：水源涵养区、海绵城市区、韧性感潮区和近海区。

Yantai Seafront Garden comprises a planning strategy for the entire area, as well as a set of detailed spatial frameworks. KCAP created an overall scheme for a 95 km long stretch of coastline, with 27.3 km2 consisting of coastal space. Within this larger territory, there is extra focus on an 18 km key design area. KCAP drafted in-detail designs for a section of approximately 1 km2 within this 18 km area.

The planning area includes four distinct ’habitats’: the zone between the mountains and city, which will be deployed for water containment; the actual urban centre, set up as a sponge city; the coast, conceived as a resilient tidal area; and the sea itself. "To ensure that the development of both city and coastline are safe ánd ecologically founded, we adopted a strategy of shoreline restoration, protection and fortification, and a triple protection strategy – offshore, in the tidal zone and with a coastal dike," explains Ruurd Gietema, Partner at KCAP.

▼生态水策略概念，Eco-Water Strategy Concept

山海融城 花园海岸

在烟台中心区与蓬莱区已经因城市化建设形成山海阻隔状态，但开发区大部分区域仍处于山-田-海的自然过渡，这里将有极大潜力形成独具特色的生态发展模式。基于在特色自然地貌中建立生态城市和特色分区的思路，方案提出了一套空间框架和规划策略。把山、城、海作为整体考虑，基于生态和水管理的基础框架，重建山与海之间的联系，巧妙开发海岸和沿海城市，避免自然环境、景观环境和城市环境之间割裂，打造山海生命线。

▼城市组团和产业发展板块示意图，urban cluster and industrial development block diagram

总体规划框架由不同的策略支撑：

- 充分尊重自然地貌的可持续生态城市

根据各个片区所在的地貌特征，提出低影响城市开发策略。尊重现状自然地貌结构，城市坐落于自然之中。岸线是宏观自然结构中的一部分。

- 交通：自由开放 活力通达

创造一个韧性且更有吸引力的海岸线，精明交通策略的配合非常重要。方案提出打造无车的滨水慢行区、发展综合的公共交通系统和城市铁路联系、多元路线与在地路径，车站同时也作为城市节点。

- 岸线风貌：多彩魅力岸线

充分利用在地资源，回应后方城市功能，打造多元滨海岸线。让单一的工业岸线向多样化的岸线转变：生态水岸、创新水岸、城市水岸、休闲水岸。

- 城市发展：多元集群串联

三个城市组团和产业发展版块包括：以黄石湾国际交流中心和新港装备制造基地结合的滨海休闲产业版块，以黄石湾历史文化中心和战山旅游资源整合的文化旅游产业版块，以潮水中心拓展兼容现代海洋产业基地的听潮海洋创意产业版块。城市组团西部顺承蓬莱新、老两城城旅游服务区，向东则与八角中心混合城市区联动发展，二者之间的传统工业区则可作为未来工业发展的转型预留用地，服务区域和城市功能集中发展。

- ▼潟湖社区，the Lagoon Community

魅力湾区 共栖港湾

在整体发展框架下，方案再聚焦于 18km 重点岸线——黄石国际人才湾，打造美丽岸线和高品质滨海城市生活，共塑吸引人才、促发创新、记录历史的魅力港湾。

整个湾区由三大门户构成：最开放的国际交流湾、最特色的文化荟萃苑、最前沿的潮水创新地。

Within the larger framework, there was specific focus on an 18 km key design area because of its potential. Being the most open, green gateway, it can act as a driving force for the overall development.

▼不同特色与功能的三大门户，3 clusters with different features and functions

A 区：国际交流湾

作为本次方案的重要节点，定位为最开放的绿色门户，以城岸互动带动黄石人才港湾的整体发展，拥有整个湾区开发最活跃城市和景观空间。在 1 平方公里的详细设计范围中，由三大特色分明的组团构成，包括共栖人才港、潮汐社区、潟湖社区。

Here, in Huangshi Talent Bay, various public and social gatherings can take place, different lifestyles interact, and landscapes merge. Within this development, the team gave special attention to the design of one singular area: International Communication Bay. Within this 1 km2, detailed-landscape design area, 3 clusters were defined: the Talent Port, the Tidal Community, and the Lagoon Community.

▼从左至右依次为 ：共栖人才港；潮汐社区；潟湖社区，from left to right:

Talent Port;Tidal Community;Lagoon Community

共栖人才港

共栖人才港是重点设计区域的核心，也是最反映活跃城市气氛的组团。一条贯通城际轨道站和滨海码头的山海创新走廊，串联交流和互动集群，实现城景相融，联动周边。

Talent Port is a distinctly urban cluster. It includes a host of public functions, to be built along a central axis connecting the rail station and the harbour. Central feature is the International Communication Center, which is surrounded and supported by various landscaped public spaces like the Expo park, an open-air events space.

▼局部原有养殖水塘被改造为活跃的城市浴场，some existing aquaculture ponds have been transformed into vibrant urban swimming pools

潮汐社区

受到黄海海潮的影响，高低变化的潮位给潮汐社区带来丰富多样的景观变化，基于这一特色，方案设计了一系列可观可感的潮汐景观。

In designing the Tidal Community, we drew closely from nature. We recovered the natural tidal zone by removing the road and artificial shoreline, and used the tidal movements to create salt marshes instead. By deploying the area’s natural strengths, we were able to extend the landscape, creating a transitional zone between the village and wetlands, which serves both as a unique seafront park and as an ecological habitat.

▼湿地公园雨天景象，rainy view of the wetland park

澙湖社区

在澙湖社区，由原场地河口转变而来的淡水澙湖是该片区的主要景观特征。以主要水体为中心，环绕多个咸淡水塘，为嬉水、聚会、生态公园、游泳等活动提供多元选择。城内则结合环境设置可体验山光或海色的不同度假酒店。

The Lagoon Community is set in a shoreline landscape dominated by newly created, desalinated lagoons; these offer room for swimming and socialising, but also have an ecological function. The urban centre offers a range of nature-based experiences and serves as a leisure centre for all of Huangshi Talent Bay.

▼潟湖社区鸟瞰，bird view of the Lagoon Community

B 区：文化荟萃苑

C 区：潮水创新地

文化荟萃苑作为最特色的历史文化门户，通过文化中轴，对两大文化主题片区酒堡文化区和海防文化区进行串联，形成山海文化连廊。

创新门户定位为最前沿的潮水创新地，这里是开发区的滨海创新岸线，激发海洋创新产业的生长，同时打造服务于产业，拥有优美滨海岸线的滨海宜居小镇。

▼潮水创新地鸟瞰，bird view of the Tidewater Innovation Center

结语

本项目是多学科融合协同工作的成果。不仅尊重当地的自然资产，并且考虑动态发展包括海洋、岸线、山地和城市环境在内的有机整体。烟台花园海岸核心探讨了不同维度不同主题岸线发展的可能性和解决方案，提倡一种多层次、可持续的项目管理方式，超越了单一景观项目的局限性，真正促使二者互为品质基底，将景观塑造、自然保护与城市发展融合在一起。

“We feel that Yantai Seafront Garden clearly illustrates our vision on integrated design. KCAP has created a planning strategy that not only respects local and natural assets, but actually considers the sea, the coastline, the mountains and the city as one. The project explores the possibilities and solutions of coastline development on different scales and themes, advocating a multi-level, sustainable approach,” says Ya-Hsin Chen. “Our aim is to integrate the landscape concept, nature conservation, a sustainable water system and urban development. Combined, these serve as the foundation for a high quality environment for both human and natural life.”

项目地点：中国烟台

业主：烟台经济技术开发区建设交通局

项目年份：2022

类型：竞赛一等奖

设计团队：

KCAP Architects & Planners：Ruurd Gietema, Ya-Hsin Chen, Fangfei Liu, Aijing Sun, Jing Gan, Qian Xiao, Juliana Giraldo, Ilva Mishtaku, Kotryna Kozlovskaja.

生态专业顾问：绿野清薇(北京)生态科技有限公司

水系统专业顾问：德国 PADDI 环境咨询

Location: Yantai, China Mainland

Client: Yantai Economic and Technological Development Zone Construction and Transportation Bureau

Year: 2022

Status: Competition (first prize)

Program: Spatial framework and planning strategies for 95 km coastline; 18 km key coastline area urban design; 1 km2 detailed design with a main focus on landscape design

Urban planners: KCAP

Collaborators: Ecological consultant: LYQW Ecological Technology Co., Ltd.; Hydrological consultant: PADDI Environment Consulting