荷兰设计周“生物基地营”展馆

2019/11/06 10:04:00

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Marco Vermeulen工作室在2019年的荷兰设计周上揭幕了名为“生物基地营”（Biobasecamp）的展馆，旨在鼓励人们以木材替代混凝土和钢等传统建筑材料，以减少大气中的二氧化碳和氮含量。

At the Dutch Design Week 2019, Studio Marco Vermeulen built the Biobasecamp, a pavilion that gives architectural expression to the contribution that ‘building with trees’ can make to reducing the amount of CO2 and nitrogen in the atmosphere through replacing conventional building materials such as concrete and steel with wood.

▼展馆鸟瞰，aerial view

“生物基地营”

The Biobasecamp

“生物基地营”展馆是由大型的可移动模块化组件构成，这些跨层粘合而成的木质材料在专业上被称为交叉层压木（CLT）。在设计周结束之后，它们可以被重新运用到新的房屋中，作为地板使用。展馆采用的层压板是在德国工厂利用德国软木制作的，支撑结构则来自于荷兰Boxtel附近的高速公路上的白杨——由于树龄过高且有被吹倒的危险，这些白杨不得不遭到清除。而这也使得展馆的建造为荷兰的景观环境做出了一点贡献。

The pavilion deck is made up of large modular, removable floor parts made of cross-layer glued wood, called Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) in jargon. After Dutch Design Week, these can be reused as floor elements in, for example, new homes. The used cross-layer wood is made in a German factory from German softwood. But why is there no Dutch cross layer timber yet? By creating more economic value for wood, more forests can also be planted. The building assignment can in this way contribute to combating climate change and the quality of the Dutch landscape. This may also apply to the Brabant poplar landscape that originated for the production of clogs and matches. That is why the deck of the Biobasecamp is supported by strains of poplars that were recently on the A2 motorway near Boxtel, but had to be cleared due to their age and the associated risk of being blown over.

▼“生物基地营”展馆外观，exterior view of the Biobasecamp

▼展馆由大型的可移动模块化组件构成，the pavilion deck is made up of large modular, removable floor parts made of cross-layer glued wood

▼楼梯，stair

▼户外休息空间，outdoor seating area

以建筑应对气候变化

Building against climate change

改善气候的主要目标之一是减少二氧化碳的排放量。不过，除了减少排放，我们是不是还能从大气中消除二氧化碳呢？目前要实现这一想法需要耗费巨大的成本，并且规模十分有限。其实树木本身就是一种极为便宜和高效的净化机器。我们都知道树木能够通过光合作用将二氧化碳转化为有机物。在树木死亡并腐烂之后，这些二氧化碳会被释放出来，而当我们将其用于发电和制热时，则会释放更多的二氧化碳。不过，一旦我们用树木来制造建筑材料，就意味着我们可以将二氧化碳捕捉和储存数十年甚至数百年的时间。这与在北海运用的昂贵存储设备相比能够带来极高的价值。荷兰目前面领着巨大的住房压力，在未来20年内，荷兰需要建造一百万座住宅，同时，既有的房屋也需要提高自身的能源效率。

▼结构细部，detailed view

One of the main climate objectives is the reduction of our CO2 emissions. But can we also extract CO2 from the atmosphere at the same time? This is possible at high costs and in limited scale through machines currently being developed. However, there is still no machine as cheap and efficient as the tree. We learn early in school that trees convert CO2, under the influence of sunlight, into glucose to grow. When trees die and decay, this CO2 is released again. When we burn wood and use it to generate electricity and heat up our homes, the stored CO2 is also released. However, if we make building materials out of it, we can capture and store CO2 for dozens, perhaps hundreds of years!

In other words: by building with wood, CO2 is actually extracted from the atmosphere. In contrast to, for example, costly storage under the North Sea (CCS), this form of CO2 storage creates value in the form of buildings. The construction sector can thus play an active role in the fight against climate change. That is certainly true now that the Netherlands is on the eve of a huge housing challenge; one million houses have to be built in the Netherlands in the next 20 years. In addition, a large part of the existing homes must be made energy efficient. Both assignments act as a powerful driver for the transition to a biobased economy.

▼生物基地营首层的“树林”之间设立了相关展览，an exhibition has been set up among the trees of the Biobasecamp

提高建造速度

Building Speed

建筑施工是全球二氧化碳排放量的一个重要来源，且全球约40%的资源被用于建造。在荷兰，每年用于基础设施、住宅和非住宅建造的原材料需求量为2.5亿吨。同时，建筑行业的发展和与监管的不完善使得材料的价格不断上涨。因此，建造行业必须做出有力的改善，才能够解决巨大住房需求带来的挑战。利用木材建造有利于提高总体生产能力，预制和组装的便捷性还能够有效地提升施工速度。

The construction sector is responsible for a large portion of global CO2 emissions. The global pressure on natural resources is also high: 40% is used in construction. In the Netherlands, that amounts to 250 million tonnes of raw materials per year needed for infrastructure, residential and non-residential construction. In addition, the construction sector is overheated and qualified personnel are scarce causing prices to rise. Change in the construction sector is therefore necessary in order to realize the vast amount of new housing required. Building with wood offers an alternative whereby the total production capacity can be increased. Prefabrication and simple assembly methods can also increase construction speed.

▼展馆建造阶段，construction site

展览项目

Expo / Projects

生物基地营首层的“树林”之间设立了相关展览，以图例和项目展示了木材作为原材料的巨大潜力和价值，例证了以树木进行建造的必要性。此外，展览还为观者呈现了荷兰文化与木材以及林业之间的历史渊源。展出的项目包括：

An exhibition has been set up among the trees of the Biobasecamp in which the above-mentioned mission is illustrated with maps, objects and projects. The exhibition shows projects by Studio Marco Vermeulen and other objects that show the diversity and power of wood as a raw material. The exhibition also shows the historical interdependence of Dutch culture with wood and forestry. The subjects below have been exhibited in the biobasecamp.

▼The Dutch Mountains综合中心，The Dutch Mountains