西班牙 Soriano-Manzanet 家族礼拜堂 | 陶瓷拱顶的轻盈与坚固

This vault was designed by architects Fernando Vegas and Camilla Mileto and executed by Salvador Gomis under the supervision of Salvador Tomás. It was created as a tribute both to the region’s rich ceramic-making tradition and to the characteristic tile vault technique, historically widespread throughout the East of Spain. This technique was disseminated by Valencian architect Rafael Guastavino both among modernist architects, most notably Gaudí. In the United States the technique came to be synonymous with him and his place of origin.

▼礼拜堂外观，external view of the chapel

▼鸟瞰，建筑与周边环境相和谐，bird view showing the architecture harmonious with the environemnt

为了设计这座礼拜堂，设计师采用特殊的3D程序，在经过连续23次修改之后才得到了在美学和结构上最优的结果。项目中所有曲线都由悬链线放样而得，建筑师在用数学和图像表达这些曲线上花费了大量心血，以优化整体建造结构。建造这座拱顶运用了将近2万块手工陶瓷瓦片，这些瓦片从选土，烧制燃料和温度，图案，耐久性等方面都经过了严格的测试。拱的尺寸和厚度均由整体的弧线决定。此外，建筑师还仔细计算了三层陶瓦的必要重量，以抵消风压的影响。

Special 3D programs were required to design the pantheon and the final solution was only agreed on after 23 consecutive variations aiming for optimum aesthetic and structural results. All the curves in the pantheon were produced using catenary profiles. These curves are incredibly difficult to express mathematically and graphically to successfully optimise the construction’s overall structural operation. Close to 20,000 handmade ceramic tiles were used in construction following tests to establish the type of clay, fuel and flame, texture, durability and aging tests. The size and thickness, both dependent on the curves of the pantheon, and the necessary weight were calculated for the three ceramic layers to compensate for the effect of wind suction.

▼分解轴测图，拱顶经过精心设计，拱脚的玻璃纤维杆有利于抵抗地震。Exploded axonometric, the vault is carefully designed with fiberglass rods at the springings to absorb shear force.

拱顶由四个互锁的双曲抛物面组成，轻盈而牢固。建造过程中不需要模架，只需使用一些金属导件以保证弧线的曲率和设计一致。由于建筑师对结构进行了仔细的研究，完整的瓦片就可以满足建造需求，不用进行额外的切割或拼凑。整个结构由砖、灰泥和白水泥构成，不需要使用钢筋混凝土加强。此外，拱顶精确的弧线以及与地面相接处使用的富有弹性的玻璃纤维杆可以有效吸收地震产生的剪力，让这座礼拜堂在地震中也能屹立不倒。

The vault is comprised of four interlinked hyperbolic paraboloids and is very light yet incredibly resistant because of its curves. Formwork was not required and only some metal guides were used to ensure curvature was guaranteed at all times. The structure was carefully studied so that entire bricks could be used, avoiding trimmings or patching up joints. It was built using only brick, plaster and white cement, and did not require reinforced concrete. Nevertheless, the pantheon vault is designed to withstand possible earthquakes given the rigid curves and the addition of fiberglass rods at the springings to absorb shear force.

▼礼拜堂外观，由四个互锁的双曲抛物面拱顶组成，轻盈而牢固。The chapel is composed of four interlocked hyperbolic paraboloids, which is light and resistant.

拱顶的总重量为12.5吨，仅为相同体量下由砖墙和混凝土楼板建造的传统礼拜堂重量的十五或二十分之一。这一数据充分说明了该建造方式更节省能源和材料，同时展现了陶瓷拱顶多种多样的建造可能性。

The total constructed weight of the vault is approximately 12.5 tonnes, considerably less than a traditional pantheon with brick walls and concrete floors and ceilings, which could weigh between 15 and 20 times as much (between 190 and 250 tonnes) for the same volume. These figures reveal the savings in both energy and material, as well as the versatility of the tile vault compared to other more common constructions.

▼拱顶细部，由三层陶瓦组成，使用完整瓦片，节省材料且轻盈坚固。Details of the vault composed of three layers of tiles. Entire bricks are used for the construction, saving materials and energy.

地面由50块不同形状的Cenia石砖组成，它们重复以四种模块出现，形成了各个方向都相同的地面纹理。拱顶的照明由埋在拱脚铺地中的装置提供。长椅为特别制作的Cenia石块，其中整合了通风口和电源插座。花坛也是有独立的Cenia石块组成，中部挖空，基座上设有微小的排水孔。

The flooring is made up of approximately 50 different shapes of Cenia Stone tiles designed and placed to form an isotropic puzzle which is repeated in all four modules. The external lighting of the vault is provided by fittings embedded in the paving at the foot of each of the vault springings. The benches are solid blocks of Cenia stone specifically sculpted to incorporate the ventilation of the niches and sockets. Plant holders are also individual Cenia stone blocks which have been hollowed out and incorporate imperceptible perforated drainage on the base.

▼礼拜堂沿长轴对称设长椅，花坛以及石板，benches, planters and monolith are placed symmetrically in the chapel along the long axis

▼花坛由整块挖空的Cenia石制成，下方设有排水孔。Planter is made of Cenia stone blocks which has been hollowed with drainage at the base.

▼由整块Cenia石制成的长椅中设有地下室的通风口，陶板由陶艺家Enric Mestre专门设计制造。Bench is made of Cenia stone block incorporated with ventilation. The ceramic panel is designed and constructed by ceramist Enric Mestre

中央铺地采用双重防滑瓷砖，不同方向的弧形图案与拱顶相互呼应。这些瓷砖由陶艺家Enric Mestre设计和制作，礼拜堂端部的巨大陶板也是他的作品。地下室使用的石板是一整块重约一顿的Cenia石，其生产和开凿十分困难，但后部安装了轮轨，使得运输可以毫不费力。地下室是一个狭长的空间，饰以光滑的Porcelanosa陶瓷面板。其中设有24个神龛和12个骨灰安置处，由天花上的线性LED装置提供照明。

The central paving uses double slip-coated ceramic tiles, playing with curves and counter-curves in dialogue with the vault. These tiles were designed and manufactured for the occasion by ceramist Enric Mestre, who also designed the monolith and the ceramic panel at the top of the pantheon. The slab used in the crypt, a single piece of Cenia stone weighing about a tonne was extremely difficult to extract and produce, but can be slid effortlessly thanks to the rails and wheels attached to the back and installed by Unisystem. Inside, in the long space with smooth finishes from Porcelanosa Group Butech panels there is room for 24 niches and 12 columbaria, lit with simple linear LED fittings on the ceiling.

▼狭长的地下骨灰安置处，采用顶部线性LED照明。The long space of underground niches and columbaria, illuminated by simple linear LED on the ceiling.

▼夜景，照明设在拱脚的铺地中，可以照亮整个拱顶内部。Night view, the light fittings in the pavement at the springings illuminate the inner space of the vault.

▼地面层平面图，ground floor plan

▼地下室平面图，underground floor plan

▼剖面图，sections

Location: Municipal Cemetery, Villarreal (Castellón)

Client: Soriano – Manzanet Family

Date: 2015

Design & project managment:

Camilla Mileto & Fernando Vegas, architects (UPV)

Universitat Politècnica de València

Design team:

M. Soledad García Sáez

Lidia García Soriano

F. Javier Gómez Patrocinio

Lighting: Elías Hurtado Pérez, engineer

Construction Manager: Salvador Tomás Márquez, quantity surveyor

Structural calculations: Adolfo Alonso Durá, architect

Construction Company: Construcciones Angose S.A.

Vault builder: Salvador Gomis Avíñó

Pottery artist: Enric Mestre Estellés

Restorer: Noema Restauradores S.L.

Bricks: Anticfang S.L.

Locksmith: UNISYSTEMS Porcelanosa Grupo

Natural Stone: Inmar Stone Group

Photographs: Vicente A. Jiménez and Salvador Tomás Márquez