新加坡碧山宏茂桥公园与加冷河修复 · 生态景观的典范

2013/08/07 08:00:00

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非常感谢

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Appreciation towards

Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl

for providing the following description:

▼公园鸟瞰图版权新加坡公用事业局

新加坡从2006年开始推出活跃，美丽，和干净的水计划（ABC计划），除了改造国家的水体排放功能和供水到美丽和干净的溪流，河流，和湖泊之外，还为市民提供了新的休闲娱乐空间。同时，提出了一个新的水敏城市设计方法（也被称为ABC在新加坡水域设计的亮点）来管理可持续雨水的应用。作为一项长期的举措，截止2030年，将有超过100多个项目被确立阶段性实施，与已经竣工完成的20个项目一道，拉近了人与水的距离。

加冷河-碧山公园是ABC方案下的旗舰项目之一，由于公园需要翻新，公园旁边的加冷河混凝土渠道需要升级来满足由于城市化发展而增加的雨水径流的排放, 因此这些计划被综合在一起，进行此项重建工程。加冷河从笔直的混凝土排水道改造为蜿蜒的天然河流。这是第一个在热带地区利用土壤生物工程技术（植被、天然材料和土木工程技术的组合）来巩固河岸和防止土壤被侵蚀的工程。通过这些技术的应用，还为动植物创造了栖息地。新的河流孕育了很多生物，公园里的生物多样性也增加了约30%。

公园和河流的动态整合，为碧山公园打造了一个全新的、独特的标识。崭新、美丽的软景河岸景观培养了人们对河流的归属感，人们对河流不再有障碍，恐惧和距离，他们能够更加近距离的接触水体、河流，他们开始享受和保护河流。此外，在遇到特大暴雨时，紧挨公园的陆地，可以兼作输送通道，将水排到下游。碧山公园是一个启发性的案例，它展示了如何使城市公园作为生态基础设施，与水资源保护和利用巧妙融合在一起，起到洪水管理、增加生物多样性和提供娱乐空间等多重功用。人们和水的亲密接触，提高了公民对于环境的责任心。

The ABC Waters Programme transforms the country’s water bodies beyond their functions of drainage and water supply into beautiful and clean streams, rivers and lakes with new spaces for community bonding and recreation. At the same time, it promotes the application of a new, water-sensitive urban design approach (also known as ABC Waters design features in Singapore) to managing rainwater sustainably. A long-term initiative, over 100 locations has been identified for project implementation in phases by 2030, with 20 projects already completed, bringing people closer to water.

Sixty-two hectares of park space have been redesigned to accommodate the inherent dynamic processes of a river system which include fluctuating water levels and widths, while providing abundant and varied recreational opportunities for park users. A 2.7km long straight concrete drainage channel has been restored into a sinuous, natural river 3.2 km long, that meanders through the park. Three adventure playgrounds, two restaurants, a new look-out point explicitly constructed using the recycled walls of the old concrete channel, and plenty of open meadows complement the natural wonder of an ecologically restored river smack in the middle of the city. A first in the tropics, soil bioengineering techniques (a combination of vegetation, natural materials and civil engineering techniques) have been used to stabilize the river banks and prevent erosion. These techniques also create habitats for flora and fauna. The new river teems with life, and the park has already seen about 30% increases in biodiversity.

▼左侧新近修复的自然式河道与后侧老旧的混凝土沟渠形成鲜明对比，The old concrete river can be seen to the right and the new restored river to the left

▼公园位于新加坡一处成熟居民社区之中附近居民成为了公园的常客

▼河流公园增强了人与自然的亲近程度

安全考虑

Safety Consideration

在许多发达城市，儿童锻炼的机会很少，建成环境是决定孩子娱乐活动的关键因素之一。园区内的安全是最重要的设计内容，但同时也需兼顾考虑引导孩子们去主动探索和积极实践的重要性。不可否认的是，走进大自然、养成积极的日常生活习惯一定比懒洋洋地窝在沙发里更加有利于孩子们的身心健康。

在碧山公园，安装了全面的河道检测和水位传感器预警系统、警告灯、警笛和语音通告设备，提供出现大雨或水位升高的预警。沿着河岸也设置了一些警告标志、红色标记和浮标。在大雨将要来临前或者水位上升时，水位到达安全节点，河流检测系统将触发警告灯、警报器和语音通报设备，提醒公园游客远离红色标记区。即使在遭遇特大暴雨时，河里的水也是慢慢填充，所以人们可以轻松地从河边转移至更高的地面。

此外，在选定的地方还设置了带浮标的安全线、闭路电视和24小时巡逻侦察队。

In many developed cities, children get much too little exercise, and it is clear that the built environment is one of the key factors which determine opportunities for active play. Safety within the park is of paramount importance, but it is kept in balance with the importance of letting children discover and learn actively. Ironically, slobbing out on the

couch presents higher health risks than getting into the habit of a naturally active daily life.

At Bishan Park, a comprehensive river monitoring and warning system with water level sensors, warning lights, sirens and audio announcements are in place to provide early warning in the event of impending heavy rain or rising water levels. Warning signs, red markers and life buoys have also been put up along the river.

The river monitoring system triggers warning lights as well as the siren and audio announcements at safety nodes, to alert the park users to move out of the river beyond the red markers in the event of impending heavy rain or rising water levels. Even in a heavy flood downpour, the river fills slowly providing ample time for people to comfortably move away from the water to higher ground.

In addition, there are safety lines with buoys at selected locations across the river, as well as CCTVs and a round the clock patrol surveillance team.

生态工法

Soil Bioengineering

生态工法技术包括梢捆，石笼、土工布、芦苇卷、筐、土工布和植物，是指将植物、天然材料（如岩石）和工程技术相结合，稳定河岸和防止水土流失。与其它技术不同的是，植物不仅仅起到美观的作用，在生态工法技术中更是起到了重要的结构支撑的作用。这一技术可以追溯到古代的亚洲和欧洲，在中国，历史学家早在公元前28年就有对生态工法使用的记录。生态工法结构的特点是能够适应环境的变化，并且能够通过日益增加的坚固性和稳定性进行自身的修复。这种技术安装成本低，并且从长远利益看，比僵硬的混凝土河道更具有可持续性和长期经济效益。

The use of soil bioengineering techniques (including fascines, rip-rap with cuttings, geotextile wrapped soil-lifts, brush mattresses with fascines, reed rolls, gabions, and geotextiles with planting) to stabilize the river banks is a first for Singapore and a new reference for soil stabilisation in the tropics, which have otherwise rarely been used or documented.

The use of bioengineering techniques refers to the combination of plants, natural materials such as rocks, and engineering techniques for river embankment stabilisation and erosion control. Unlike other technologies in which plants plays an aesthetic role, in soil bioengineering, plants have an important structural role. This system of technologies can be traced to ancient times of Asia and Europe. Chinese historians, for example, recorded use of bioengineering techniques for dyke repair as early as 28 BC.

Bioengineering structures are characterized by the ability to evolve and adapt to their environment, and constantly self-repair themselves through their ever increasing robustness and stability. They are significantly more cost-efficient to install, and are much more sustainable and economically viable to maintain than hard, concrete structures in the long run.

The dynamic integration of park and river gives Bishan Park a new and unique identity, and highlights the potential of creating similarly healthy rivers far beyond the island state. The new soft, beautiful river landscape engages people and fosters a sense of communal ownership of the river. Instead of fencing, distance and fear, the project brings water closer to the people; it is their place, their park; their river – something to enjoy and worth taking care of.

▼建造之前使用测试床检测多种生态工法

▼旧河道改造后循环利用的混凝土石材被用于创建一处面向河流的崭新观景点

▼生态净化群落 cleansing biotope

▼生态净化群落示意图生态净化植物群落将周围池塘中的水体循环净化

项目经验

Benefit to Other Cities

最能彰显该创新项目的就是在将混凝土水渠改建成为自然河道的同时，融入了雨水管理设计。这为城市的发展提供了无限可能，比如在管理河流和雨水、自然与城市相结合、提供市民休息娱乐场所等方面。城市一直以来被认为是大自然的对立面，而如今，需要将二者融为一体。城市的韧性需要增强，因为气候变化容易导致洪灾，而干旱期则极大地影响了城市发展。这个创新项目的一体化概念能够帮助新加坡等城市更好地面对未来的挑战。它能够有效地对于雨水进行处理、有助于净化市民的饮用水；能让植物和动物种群回归城市；它还能够为市民创造更多娱乐休闲的场所，并提供更多亲近大自然的机会。

The most important aspect is certainly the integrated storm water management with the creation of a natural river. This creates a totally new possibility for cities to deal with their rivers, manage stormwater, bring back nature into the cities and create parks for recreation and healthy citizens. Cities have always been seen as the opposite of nature whereas nowadays we have to find a way to integrate nature and cities. Cities have to become more resilient, the climate change with higher risk of flood events and drought periods will affect cities extremely and in relatively near future. This concept that works with decentralized integration is perfect for the adaption to the future challenges. It holds back stormwater, it cleanses the drinking water resource of the citizens, it allows rare flora and fauna to come back into the city and it gives space, contemplation and nature experience to people. This holistic concept is one piece of a concept that can help assure a future for our planet.