汪曾祺纪念馆 | 清水砼交错箱体结构体系的创新设计

设计单位：同济大学建筑设计研究院（集团）有限公司

项目地址：江苏省高邮市

项目年份：2019~2020年

建筑面积：9500平方米

结构体系：清水砼交错箱体结构

结构奖项：同济设计集团结构创新二等奖

01

力无形而建筑有型

INVISIBLE FORCE AND GRACEFUL BUILDING

力是无形的，也是没有生命的；但是建筑是有型的，它要表现空间形式，表达社会情感。在中国古代，建筑师和结构工程师合二为一，称之为“工匠”。自从结构成为单独专业后，逐步脱离建筑的思考方式，同时日益复杂的结构理论，使工程师更多关注结构细节，忽略了建筑整体的存在。

Force is invisible and lifeless, but architecture is graceful. It should express space and social emotion. In ancient, architects and structural engineers became one, which is called "craftsman" in China. Since the structure has become a separate specialty, it has separated from architecture logic. And complex structure theory makes engineers pay more attention to the details and ignore the existence of the whole building.

建筑设计多样性决定建筑师的思维具有发散性，结构设计安全性决定结构师的思维具有归一性。因此从某种意义上说，建筑是感性的，而结构是理性的，两者天然存在隔阂。作为结构工程师，如何通过创新，将纷杂的建筑表象具象化，去繁为简，获得理性的力学逻辑？本文通过近期竣工的汪曾祺纪念馆，阐述结构的理性表达与锐意创新。

The architectural diversity determines the divergence of architects' thinking, and the structural safety determines the unity of engineers' thinking. Therefore, in a sense, architecture is perceptual, and structure is rational. There is a natural gap. As a structural engineer, how to get rational mechanical logic by innovating ? Through the recently completed Wang Zengqi memorial hall, this paper expounds the rational expression and innovation of the structure.

02

杂乱与秩序

CHAOS AND ORDER

“一位结构工程师不仅仅是一位可靠的应力计算者，还应该是一个有魄力，有智慧，能正确判断事物的设计者”——威廉 . 贝克

"A structural engineer is not only a reliable stress calculator, but also a bold, intelligent and correct designer”——William F.Baker

鸟瞰图 Aerial View

汪曾祺纪念馆采用浪漫主义风格，形态宛如一本本叠放的书本，惬意的错落摊放在一层基座上，而起翘的屋顶仿佛涟漪荡漾。复杂的建筑形态对结构提出了更高的要求，从结构规则性角度来看，这种建筑无疑是最具挑战的一类：大底盘7塔，竖向构件全部不连续，大开洞细腰，厚板转换，位移比超标较多。

Wang Zengqi memorial hall adopts the romantic style, which is like books stacked on each other and theraised roof is like ripples. The complex architectural form puts forward higher requirements for the structure. From the perspective of structural regularity, this kind of building is undoubtedly the most challenging one: 7 towers with large chassis, all vertical members are discontinuous, with large opening and small waist, thick plate conversion, and displacement ratio seriously exceeding the standard.

是按照教科书进行循规蹈矩的设计？还是实事求是的以安全为基石进行创新设计？考虑到建筑本身想展现的清水混凝土效果，建筑结构一体化的设计理念成为本项目结构成败的关键因素。舍弃部分传统结构的总体控制指标，同时加强中震、大震下的构件、连接性能设计，关注结构的实际受力性能，将感性的建筑理性化。考虑到各个展厅错位支撑的关系，通过交错书体的实际模拟验证有效性，最终确定了“清水砼交错箱体结构体系”。

Is it necessary to design according to the regulations? Or need to be realistic in innovative design based on safety? Considering the effect of as cast finish concrete, Arch. & Struc. integration concept is the key point of success. At the same time, we should pay attention to the actual mechanical performance and rationalize the perceptual building. In consideration of the relationship between the staggered supports of each exhibition hall, the effectiveness is verified through theactual simulation of the staggered book, and finally the "As-cast finish concrete staggered box structure system" is determined.

实物验证图 Physical Verification Model

计算模型 Computation Model

由于无梁、无柱，同时上下箱体之间采用厚板转换，因此采用全板单元进行构件的设计与校核。通过精细化的有限元分析，来进行设计的专项加强与控制。

Because there is no beam or column, and thick plate conversion is used , the plate element is used to design and check the components. Through the refined finite element analysis, special design could be strengthen and controlled.

结构变形图 Deformation Diagram

结构变形图 Deformation Diagram

03

反重力的水流

ANTI-GRAVITY FLOW

If the force is compared to water, the load of each layer is like a pool, and the beam is likea ditch, which guides the water to the column, and finally to the foundation. Traditional buildings are influenced by gravity. However, for some buildings, the architect wants the bottom to be transparent and less columns. Therefore, it is necessary to use the hanging structure, and transmit load to the surrounding vertical members through the horizontal members. As shown below Kaohsiung City Library, the whole structureis transmitted to the roof truss through the roof sling, and then to the traffic core.

建筑效果图 Design Sketch

结构草图 Structural Sketch

力流线图 Force Stream Diagram

本工程在纪念馆南侧的台阶休息厅中，建筑师希望提供一个开阔干净的空间，可以让在台阶上读书的人远眺不受遮挡，因此结构工程师经过方案必选后，提供了悬挂结构的解决思路。将连廊，幕墙全部悬挂于屋面之上。考虑到屋面为11m的悬挑结构，荷载较大，因此采用了2.5m高钢骨桁架作为主受力构件，也进行竖向悬挂承载。

In the step lounge on the south side, the architect hopes an open and clean space, so that the people who read on steps can not be blocked. Therefore, the structural engineer provides the solution of hanging structure, hanging the corridor and curtain wall on the roof. Considering that the roof is a cantilever structure of 11m, 2.5m high steel truss is used as the main load-bearing component .

建筑要求 Arch Requirment

结构力学传导图 Force Stream Diagram

现场结构施工图 Site Truss Photo

无柱空间实景图 No-Column Space

04

优雅的翻页

ELEGANT OPENING

在建筑的二层展厅位置，建筑师希望墙体角部可以开设一些水平缝，展现出书籍微张的意向，又可以通过光影，将内外空间有机结合在一起，形成忽明忽暗的趣味空间。但这样的做法，无疑使结构墙体的水平、竖向传力路径均被打断，形成了开缝剪力墙结构。那么结构是否可以突破常规？此处结构工程师借鉴了弹簧的概念，通过盘山路让力流逐渐向下传递。同时采用有限元软件，进行精细网格化的整体和局部应力分析。

At the second floor, the architect hopes some horizontal opening at the corner of the wall to show micro expansion of books. In addition, through light and shadow, the internal and external spaces can be organically combined. But the force transmission paths are interrupted. Can the structure break through the routine? Here, the structural engineer uses the concept of spring, and gradually transmits the force flow downward through the circling road. At the same time, the finite element software is used to analyze the global and local stress.

开缝墙体示意图  Shear Wall Gap Schematic

墙体力流手绘图  Schematic of Wall Force Flow

有限元模型  FEM Model

应力云图  Stress Contour

05

飞旋的舞步

WHIRLING DANCE

旋转楼梯，越来越多的在公共建筑中使用，既可以增加建筑冲击力，又可以让整个空间变得更丰富有趣，比如法国卢浮宫从连接地面与地下的大尺度旋转楼，让人印象深刻。因此汪曾祺纪念馆中，建筑师在中庭沿竖向设置了一对旋转楼梯，并再三要求实现轻盈、流淌的效果。经过初步分析，这种接近于360度的双层螺栓楼梯受力性态较为复杂。传统的单螺旋楼梯近似于拉压杆，结构稳定，但双层螺栓楼梯，由于中间没有稳定支点，变形带有悬挑特性，很难控制其挠度和应力。

Rotating stairs are more and more used in public buildings, which can not only increase the impact of buildings, but also make the whole space more interesting. For example, the large-scale rotating building of the Louvrein France is impressive. Therefore, in the project, architects set a pair ofrotating stairs in the atrium, and require the light and flowing effect. After preliminary analysis, the behavior of the double-layer rotating is more complex. The traditional single rotating staircase is similar to the tension and compression bar, and the structure is stable. But for the double-layer rotating staircase, there is no stable supportin the middle, the deformation has the cantilevered characteristic, so it is difficult to control its deflection and stress.

卢浮宫旋转楼梯 Rotating Stair in Louvre

单层及双层旋转楼梯受力手绘示意图 

Force Diagram of Single-layer and Double-layer Rotating Stairs

为了实现建筑的想法，结构对传统楼梯结构进行了一系列的创新与优化。首先是梯梁本身，采用了纵横双隔板结构，将两侧箱梁连接到一起，形成一个整体大箱体来抵抗竖向荷载。同时为了满足承载力，与建筑协商，将栏板作为结构构件来使用。最终，整个梯梁高度控制在350mm高，满足了建筑师的想象。

In order to realize the idea of architecture, the structure has carried on a series of innovation.First of all, it adopts a vertical and horizontal double diaphragm structure, which connects the box beams on both sides together to form an overall largebox to resist the vertical load. At the same time, in order to meet the bearing capacity, the handrail is used as a structural component. Finally, the whole height of the ladder beam is controlled at 350mm, which meets the architect's imagination.

楼梯计算模型  Structure Model

现场安装图 Site Erection Photo

最终完成图 Live View

06

匠人筑心 匠心筑梦

CRAFTSMAN SPIRIT

一个好的建筑不仅仅是建筑、结构、机电的内部沟通与互动，同时还要参与到外部更大的循环中，尤其这种体量较小的复杂结构，与施工的互动就变得尤为重要。设计伊始，墙厚的问题横亘在设计与施工之间。结构的墙体厚度300，同时内侧需要做60保温层，最后因为室内也是清水砼面，所以还需要再浇筑一道的砼墙，按照传统做法，内侧墙体至少需要100~150厚，那么整个复合墙体的厚度将达到500厚，超出了建筑师的承受范围。

A good building is not only the communication between internal design, but also involves in the larger external cycle. Especially for this small complex structure, the interaction with construction becomes important. At beginning, wall thickness lies between design and construction. The thickness of wall is 300, at the same time, 60 thermal insulation needs to be made on the inner side. Because the interior is also the surface of as-cast finish concrete, inner wall of 100~150mm needs to be poured. So the thickness of whole composite wall will be 500, which is beyond the bearing range of the architect. 

经过与专业清水砼施工厂家的反复沟通，最终创新性采用了纵横向网状贯通缝的形式，将60厚保温棉上间隔1200和600开设60~70厚的贯通槽，使前后混凝土自由流淌。同时采用高流动性的砼配比，来挑战内侧40mm厚混凝土的浇筑极限。最终复合墙厚度被控制在400以内。通过现场浇筑的试验墙，来检验浇筑效果，最终结果令人满意。

After communication with professional concrete construction manufacturers, the method of verticaland horizontal mesh was finally adopted, and 60 ~ 70 gaps were opened on the insulation cotton at 1200 and 600 space to make the front and rear concrete flow freely. At the same time, the high fluidity concrete is used to challenge the pouring limit of 40mm thick concrete. The final composite wall thickness is controlled within 400. Through the test wall cast in situ, the final result is satisfactory.

墙体开缝示意图 Schematic of Wall Gap

现场墙体施工图 Site Wall Photo

试验墙 Experimental Wall

07

后记

EPILOGUE

在悉尼歌剧院建造的年代，由于计算理论、计算软件、施工技术、材料性能等方面的不成熟，整个项目从1959年一直施工到1973年，预算超支1457%。相比而言，现在的结构工程师是幸福的，材料的可靠性，软件的高效性，施工的精湛性均已不可同日而语，即使是普通的工程师也有机会完成超高层、大跨度、非几何曲面等复杂的项目，甚至有人担心AI和BIM的组合会打败结构工程师。

In the era of Sydney opera house, due to the immaturity of calculation theory, software, construction technology, material performance, etc., the whole project was constructed from 1959 to 1973, with a budget overrun of 1457%. In contrast, structural engineers are happy now. The reliability of materials, software efficiency and construction are all different. Even ordinary engineers have the opportunity to complete complex projects such as super high-rise, large-span and non-geometric surfaces buildings. Some even worry that the combination of AI and BIM will defeat structural engineers.

结构设计的规范当然很重要，但独立的理性思考和美学极致追求更有意义，因此概念把握、理性思考、锐意创新就显得尤为难能可贵。

Of course, the codes are very important, but independent rational thinking and aesthetic pursuit are more meaningful, so concept grasping, rational thinking and keen innovation are more precious.

感谢同济设计集团副总工程师郑毅敏老师在结构方案上给予的高屋建瓴般的指导

感谢上海清水砼科技发展有限公司及上海善治楼梯科技有限公司在清水砼以及旋转楼梯的设计施工过程中给予的宝贵意见与建议

08

建成照片

LIVE VIEW

End

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