首尔建筑双年展 | 蓝房子和红房子，探索城市住宅新设计

首尔建筑与城市双年展

SBAU

2021预选方案

The changes in housing and in the land on which houses leave their imprint become signs of this daily life. 

——“ The Architecture of the City” Aldo Rossi

“房子和土地改变的痕迹发生在日常的生活。”城市建筑学 罗西

住房是一个普遍而持久的话题，但在不同背景下也具有其特殊性。根据联合国的数据统计，超过50％的世界人口居住在城市中。截至2019年，中国主要城市的平均住宅土地使用量占总体建筑用地的32.3％，在日本的三大城区使用量为44％，纽约为38％。住房不仅是每个人生活的一部分，也跟每个现代城市密不可分的一部分。更是“场所精神”的一分子。一片区域的房子会与当地的文化息息相关，并显现出独特的城市背景：文明程度、需求、气候、财政能力和各个阶层人民的宗教信仰，以及其他的推动因素。 

Housing is universal and durable topic，it also has a particularity. According to statistics from the United Nations, more than 50% of the world’s population lives in cities. Until 2019, the average residential land-use in Chinese major cities accounts for 32.3% of the overall construction site, in Japan, the number is 44% in three largest City areas, and for New York is 38%. Housing is not only a major stage of everybody's life, but also an inseparable part of every modern city. It is a part of “ Genius Loci”. Housing of a place often closely related to the local culture, reflecting on the distinctive urban context: the domestic behaviour, requirement, climate, financial ability, and religious of people from various classes, as well as the other influencing factors behind them as driving forces.  

影响住房呈现的因素基本可以归为两类：一类是“自上而下”。依靠政府的特权、权限、政治、法规与房地产开发商进行合作。他们强大并占据主导地位，直接干预城市的规划开发以及解决基本的民生问题；另一类是“自下而上”。例如较富裕的人可以根据自己的喜好来选择居住环境；或分散在城市中没有固定住所的打工人，等等。他们是自发的、随机的、隐蔽的、小规模的，仅受个人审美观念的控制，不依靠城市的规则。

The factors that affect the performance of housing can be basically summarised into two categories: one is the “top-down”, related to privilege, authority, politics, regulations put forward by the government, and benefit relationship among the investment of real estate developers, they are powerful and dominant, directly intervening in the trajectory of urban sprawl and the fundamental livelihood issues; the other one is the “bottom-up”, such as locals form a settlement from their personal preference, migrant workers are lost in city centre, and etc. They are spontaneous, random, hidden and in small-scale only controlled by personal aesthetic, without urban rules. 

两种现象都是城市形态的代表，“自上而下”在数量上具有城市代表性；“自下而上”更多的是高品质或无需质量的特殊代表。大多数情况下，他们是对立的。忽视了市场规律的压倒性的市政规划，或是一个杂乱无章、充满隐患的贫民窟。但有时他们又处于平衡状态，这取决于公民权利的参与程度。

Both of phenomenology are represented by urban formation, mostly the “top-down” part is much in urban representation with quantity；the “bottom-up” part is much in spacial representation with or without quality. Most of the time, they are opposed. It is either overwhelming municipal planning that ignores market laws, or a slum which is disorder and full of hidden dangers. But sometimes they are in the position of balance, which depends on the participation of civil rights.

我们有兴趣从现象中找出本质。在研究中，我们做了进一步的定义：那些“自上而下”可以称作为中国的“现代主义”。那些基于政治原因产生的规章制度和资本游戏是相对新的事物，仅在过去的半个世纪才出现在中国。相对而言，“自下而上”更多的反应“传统”。中国住房的发展在很大程度上是人民和社会的自发自然的行为。它取决于个人的审美和期待，还取决于当地文化和集体印象，这些因素对于中国人来说，就是一代一代人对“传统”的传承。在全球化的今天，中国住房在“现代还是传统”两者间的冲突与妥协愈发显现。SBAU 2021将是向公众展示我们研究的理想平台。

 That becomes an interest for us to dig out the trues from the phenomenon. During the research, we made a further definition: Those “top-down” can be called "modern" in China. Regulations and capital games, due to political reasons, are relatively new things that have only appeared in China in the past half-century. Correspondingly, those “bottom-up” can also be called "heritage". The development of Chinese housing to a large extent is the natural and spontaneous behaviour of the people and society. It depends on one‘s aesthetics and expectations, with also the influence of local culture and collective memory, which for the Chinese, are "heritages" passed down from generation to generation. During the Globalisation, The conflict and compromise of the "modern / heritage" of housing condition in China become much more obvious. And SBAU 2021 will be a perfect platform to show our research to the public.  

如涉及的方案内容所述，本次展览将展示两大类的具体案例，来展示我们对中国住宅“现代与传统”冲突与妥协的研究，这两个类别可以细分为几个特定群组。一种被“现代”因素主导，即“自上而下”的政策或资本博弈。这组课题包括社会主义新农村住房、经济适用房、二手房、商品房、“鬼城”。另一种以“传统”因素为主导，即“自下而上”的群体，产生于个人的需要或传统。这组课题包括非法建设、贫民窟、城中村住房、城乡结合部住房、农村别墅和传统住房。

As mentioned in the content proposal, the exhibition will show specific cases belonging to two categories, to present our research on the conflict and compromise of the "modern / heritage" factors of housing in China. The two categories can be subdivided into several specific groups. The groups with cases dominated by "modern" factors, which are “top-down” policy or capital game. These groups include socialist new rural housing, affordable housing, second-hand housing, commodity housing, and "ghost city". The groups with cases dominated by "heritage" factors, which are “bottom-up”, spontaneously based on people's needs or traditions. These groups include illegal construction, slum and settlement, housing in urban village, housing in rural–urban fringe, rural villa, and traditional housing.

The exhibition design is based on the type of “passage". Using two semi-circular high walls to display the contents of "modern" and "heritage" category, while the narrow entrance and exit that only allows one person to pass through strengthen the sense of conflict between the two sides. There are also signages on the platforms and the upper edges of the walls on both sides. In addition, there are theme colours on both sides that are used to strengthen the sense of distinction. Red represents "modern" factors. On the one hand, red easily triggers associations about China's communist political environment; on the other hand, red represents radical and powerful forces. Blue represents the "heritage" factors. Because it is usually associated features of autonomy and freedom, which overlap with the driving force of the "heritage" factor in our definition. The use of theme colours includes but is not limited to signs, lights, posters and models on the walls, etc.

The contents of the two categories of "modern" and "heritage" presented in the exhibition include introductions and specific cases. The exterior facades of the two walls are collages of various cases belonging to two categories (refer to p4), giving the audience a first impression of "modern / heritage". Entering inside the arc walls on both sides, the lower part of the wall illustrates the evolution respectively (refer to p1 and p4). According to the timeline and related historical and economic events that may have an impact, various subdivision groups and are typical cases are shown with a brief introduction. The upper part of the wall displays a selection of models of representative cases belonging to each subdivision group (refer to p3), connected to the evolution diagram below with a light strip, allowing visitors to have an intuitive perception of it. There are also booklets hanging on both sides, presenting a lot more cases in detail (refer to p2 for draft version), including case information, background, development process, photos, plan/elevation/section, and axonometric drawings.  

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