四叶草堂丨中国上海丨上海四叶草堂青少年自然体验服务中心

出品人：向玲 / Producer: Xiang Ling

编辑：武晨曦，盖世昕，陈诺嘉，石安，杨子遥 / Editor: Wu Chenxi, Gai Shixin, Chen Nuojia, Shi An, Yang Ziyao

刘悦来长期从事可持续景观规划设计、社区花园、社区规划与社区营造教学、研究与实践，作为上海首批社区规划师，近年来在上海以社区花园为实验基地推动参与式规划和社区自组织景观建设，促进多元共治机制下的基层社区自治。

目前和团队已经协助在上海 12 个区不同类型社区营造了超过 200 处社区花园，支持了超过 900 个居民自治的迷你社区花园以及超过 1300 场社区花园与社区营造工作坊，并以设计、营造、管理、教育为策略，参与不同都市在地网络建设与国际合作，不断探索中国特色城乡空间永续发展和公众参与创新模式。

2021 年获得首届三联人文城市奖，创智农园&百草园、社区花园绿色参与网络、上海 SEEDING 和东明参与式社区规划实验分别入选 2017、2018、2020、2021 年度联合国人居署、国际展览局和上海市人民政府联合主编的《上海手册：21 世纪城市可持续发展指南》。

*本文所有照片由刘悦来和四叶草堂团队提供

All photos courtesy of Liu Yuelai and Clover Nature School

此前上海的防疫问题较为严峻，刘老师的生活状态如何？在目前的环境背景下，您认为本次对于“四叶草堂”的探讨产生了哪些新的意义？

As we know that Shanghai had faced a stressful situation of epidemic prevention, what do you think is the new meaning of today’s discussion on the Clover Nature School?

疫情期间很多人开始在家种一些可食用的植物，有水培的，也有土栽的，平时的“消费者”现在正在变成“生产者”。有人说，你们搞的花园，不就是在里面种点菜，然后美其名曰“可食地景”，有什么价值呢？事实上这次我们的社区花园真的帮助到了不少人。我住的楼下就有一个，叫“苔藓花园”，是我们几位邻居们一起共建的，这次疫情期间成为了我们小区的网红打卡点：每次核酸检测时很多居民都会不由自主的在花朵前拍照留念。居民趁着做核酸的空档顺便去花园里取一些土，落叶覆盖的土里面有蚯蚓，拿回家种小葱肯定长得好。我们 SEEDING 超级行动者张永梅老师在院子里养鹌鹑，这次意外地实现了“鹌鹑蛋自由”。很多人以前会认为自己在地里种菜是一种很“土”的行为，可是当他的生活到了只需要满足基本需求的时候，他反而会觉得种菜是一种很“高级”的能力。

During the coronavirus epidemic, many people have started to grow edible plants at home, both hydroponically and in the soil, and we find that the usual consumers are now becoming “producers”.

We are often challenged by people who say, “What is special about the gardens you built? You grow some vegetables in it and then you call it edible landscaping? What is the point of that?”

In fact, our community gardens have authentically helped a number of people. Many people used to think that growing vegetables is an old-fashioned thing, but when their life goes to the point where the only need is to maintain basic subsistence, they will find that the act of “farming” becomes a very “exquisite” ability.

▼上海疫情管控期间，刘悦来在自己所住小区维护的社区花园——苔藓花园，成为居民们日常核酸检测路上的特别风景。The moss garden maintained by Liu Yuelai in his community during the lockdown in Shanghai, which has become a special sight for residents on their way to daily nucleic acid testing.

▼位于浦东东明路街道三林苑的“星星的诗”社区花园和“蜗牛花园”（拍摄时间：4 月 7 号），均是由居民自发建造的社区花园。

The gardens named “Poem of the Stars” and “Snail” in a community of Shanghai are voluntarily maintained by the residents (shot on April 7th).

不是说我们要倡导大家回归到原始的生存状态，而是我们不应该放弃去学习这种最基本的生存能力，尤其是对于今天的年轻人而言。

不仅仅是疫情，未来我们还会面临各种各样的灾难，今天是病毒，明天可能是洪水和地震。

这些问题，这种不确定性恰恰是我们所要特别去关注和探讨的。

社区花园也是一样，它通过鼓励人的主体性去增强我们应对这种不确定性的能力。

We are not urging people to return to the primitive state of existence, but to avoid giving up these practical skills of living. All kinds of unpredictable disasters could happen in the future, this time is a virus, next time it may be a flood or an earthquake. These issues, this uncertainty is precisely what we have to pay attention to and discuss on, and the community gardens are essentially the same thing: it enhances our ability to cope with such uncertainty by encouraging human subjectivity.

▼6 月 1 日，上海解封首日，刘悦来和社区邻居们在苔藓花园劳动场景。

Liu Yuelai and his neighbours working in the moss garden on June 1st after Shanghai’s lockdown.

以上为上海疫情最严重时期进行的采访。在上海解封的第一天（6 月 1 日），刘悦来去了创智农园，这是上海第一个位于开放街区中的社区花园。去的时候，小蓝屋的门是开着的，邻居史叔叔已经在整理鱼缸，鱼儿们也都在，这期间有慈济的志愿者们帮忙换水。疫情期间创智农园种子接力站因为有电有水，可以遮风挡雨，成为了快递小哥的临时居所；植物长得更加旺盛，这是自然的自发的力量。孩子们陆续来了，继续着他们当时参与建造的热情，进行了新的营造。当天晚上，他给社区的孩子们上了一课《共建美丽家园，我们可以做点什么？》，苔藓花园儿童组成立，孩子们在做新的方案。端午假期，邻居团长发起的公益绣球募捐成团后，将更加优化苔藓花园。疫情期间形成的守护林绿家园志愿小组的工作在延展，从社区花园到社区营造，就是这么自然。

On the first day after Shanghai’s lockdown in June, Liu Yuelaivisited the Knowledge & Innovation Community Garden, where he hold a workshop for the children in the community to discuss on “What can we do to build a beautiful home together? ”. The volunteer group formed during the epidemic will continue to work on community gardens and community creation, still in a very natural way.

“四叶草堂”是一个什么样的组织？请介绍一下它的创办契机和发展过程。团队目前有多少位成员？您个人在团队中扮演什么样的角色？

四叶草堂全称是上海四叶草堂青少年自然体验服务中心，是经过民政部门注册的一家正式的民办非企业单位，在中国叫社会组织，对标国际相当于 NGO 或者 NPO，因为它是非盈利的、非政府的组织。四叶草堂最早缘起于 2010 上海世博会那年，我跟我们的联合发起人之一范浩阳先生，我们一起成立了以“广泛关注、小微改善”为使命的景观设计事务所“泛境 Pandscape”。大家当时有一个共识就是认为我们大规模的城市开发和建设已经差不多了，尤其在上海这样的城市。我们觉得应该更多地去关注可以让普通的大众直接参与的一种空间的生产。

四叶草堂的正式成立是在 2014 年，魏闽老师成为了我们的第三个合伙人，她和范浩阳都是一级注册建筑师，我是研究景观，也做一些城市规划。当时我们已经完成了不少小微空间的项目，我们希望做出更多可以作为“实践样板”的案例，证明由公众广泛参与的社区项目也可以在城市中发挥巨大的价值。

Clover Nature School, the abbreviation of Shanghai Clover Nature School Teenager Nature Experience Service Center, is registered by the Civil Affairs Department as an official private non-enterprise unit, which is a social organisation in China, the international equivalent of an NGO or NPO, as it is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation.

Clover Nature School was officially established since 2014 when Professor Min Wei became the third partner. She and Haoyang Fan are both first class registered architects, and I focus on landscape, sometimes involving in urban planning.

At that time, we had already completed a number of small and micro-scaled spatial projects, and we felt it was time to realize more cases that could serve as “practice models” to prove that community projects with broad public participation could play a huge role in the development of city.

▼四叶草堂关注可以让普通的大众直接参与的空间生产——前排左一为团队联合创始人魏闽博士带队进行的社区环境教育和现场参与式设计。

Clover Nature School focuses on the production of spaces that allow the general public to participate directly.

四叶草堂愿景是“人人参与，共建共享家门口的都市桃源”，目标建立越来越多的“身边的自然、都市的田园”，成为社区家门口的自然王国以及公众参与社区营造的绿色起点和象征。

社区花园以绿色空间为载体，以公众参与为主要力量。它强调创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的精神，是文化复兴与生态文明建设在都市区的缩影与绝佳实践点。

The vision of Clover Nature School is to “build and share an urban paradise on the doorstep of everyone”, with the goal of creating more and more “Nature by your side, and pastoral in urban scenes”.

2014 年 10 月，我们在上海的世博轴上开展了“田间课堂”的教育活动，并由此建立了第一个正式意义上的上海社区花园——“火车菜园”。同一时期我们还在世纪公园建造了“都市菜园”，这也是我们在上海的大公园中营造的第一个“可食地景花园”。

在火车菜园，可以通过认养一米菜园、志愿参与、学习培训等参与种植相关的学习，成为一名都市农夫，享受每一刻的园艺时光。更重要的是，四叶草堂团队从照顾土地的本心出发，在这里严格执行不使用任何农药化肥的种植原则，完全使用自制堆肥、酵素、枯枝落叶等进行高标准的生态种植，能够保证出产健康食物的同时，最大化减少对土壤、水体和生态系统的破坏。

In October of 2014, we launched the “Field Classroom” programme on the Expo axis in Shanghai, which led to the completion of “Train Garden”, the first Shanghai community garden in the formal sense. In parallel with the Train Garden, we established the “Urban Garden” in Century Park, our first ‘edible landscape garden’ in one of Shanghai’s major public parks.

"火车菜园"是四叶草堂建立的第一个正式意义上的上海社区花园，"Train Garden" is the first Shanghai community garden completed by Clover Nature School.

▼火车菜园中的花坛和可食植物。

火车菜园严格执行不使用任何农药化肥的种植原则。

The planters and edible vegetation in the Train Garden. The garden is grown strictly without the use of any pesticides or fertilisers.

2015 年的“创智农园”是一个里程碑式的产品，由瑞安创智天地支持建设。它是一个由垃圾堆积场改造而来的 24 小时可进入的花园，也是上海第一个位于开放街区中的枢纽型社区花园。如果说火车菜园是花园 1.0 的话，创智农园就到了一个 2.0 的阶段。

The Knowledge & Innovation Community Garden we built in 2015, supported by the great support of Shui On Group, is a milestone of our practice. It is a 24-hour accessible garden converted from a landfill and is the first hub garden located in an open neighbourhood in Shanghai.

If the Train Garden is a 1.0 version of community garden, then the Knowledge & Innovation Community Garden is at a 2.0 stage.

▼创智农园是上海第一个位于开放街区中的枢纽型社区花园。

The Knowledge & Innovation Community Garden is the first hub garden located in an open neighbourhood in Shanghai.

▼创智农园更新前后对比，The Knowledge & Innovation Community Garden before and after renovation

2016 年我们建成了 23 个社区花园。由于当时团队只有 20 个人左右，每年能做的数量有限，所以从 2017 年之后我们更加注重进行对外培训。

我们首先支持了成都的社区花园建设，后来用一年的时间支持上海一个街道做了 285 个居民共建的迷你社区花园，这些都是居民自己完成的，让我们感到非常振奋。

此后四叶草堂的花园网络不断壮大，2018 年增加了 300 个左右，到 2021 年已经建成 900 多个迷你社区花园。

In 2016 we fostered 23 community gardens. As the team was only around 20 people at the time, we were limited in the number we could do each year, so from 2017 onwards we focused more on conducting external training. Since then, the network of gardens has kept growing, adding around 300 gardens in 2018 and over 900 mini community gardens by 2021.

▼上海社区花园地图，Community garden map in Shanghai

目前四叶草堂已经协助在上海营造了超过 200 处社区花园，支持了超过 900 个居民自治的迷你社区花园以及超过 1300 场社区花园与社区营造工作坊，

Currently, Clover Nature School has helped to create over 200 community gardens in Shanghai, supported over 900 residents’ self-governed mini-community gardens and held over 1300 workshops for community garden construction and community creation.

现在四叶草堂的团队已经扩展到 50 人，上海 35 人，南宁 15 人。

上海总部的团队目前分为三个组：

设计组由魏老师直接分管，内容涉及景观设计、建筑设计、规划设计、产品设计和视觉设计等等。这个小组非常重要的一个方向是参与式设计，也就是说不仅仅是我们设计师直接做设计，而是从一开始就能够和最终的使用者结对，鼓励当地居民的直接参与。

第二个小组是研发组，由我直接负责，主要做一些先锋型的实验，包括学术上的探索、系统机制的深度实验和社区花园网络的协同等。

第三个小组是范老师负责的运维组，主要面向活动组织，也包括对未来的 To C 产品的研发。

The team of Clover Nature School has now expanded to 50 people, 35 in Shanghai and 15 in Nanning.

The team at the head office in Shanghai is currently divided into three groups: the design group, under the direct supervision of Min Wei; the R&D group, which I am directly responsible for, mainly engaging with experimental initiatives, including academic exploration, in-depth experiments on system mechanisms and synergy of community garden networks; and the operation and maintenance group led by Haoyang FAN, which is mainly oriented towards the organisation of events, as well as the development of future To C products.

▼四叶草堂团队组织结构示意，Schematic representation of the structure of Clover Nature School’s team

3. “四叶草堂”的实践内容涉及哪些方面？为什么以社区花园为切入点，要实现什么样的目标？具体是如何实施和运作的？

概括来说，四叶草堂是以参与式社区花园为抓手，将公众参与和城市更新相结合，推动上海社区花园网络的建立，探索城市更新可持续发展的途径。

作为一个社会组织，我们其实倡导的是一种自律。社区花园这样的公共空间，正是一个 24 小时 x 365 天活跃的社会治理的阵地，同时也是公民接受公共教育的场所和企业履行社会责任的载体。我们希望从设计的角度去发现和发挥公共空间在社会公益和公共治理中的价值，同时让这些空间可以呈现出一种多元的、自然和自由的状态，而不是一种被强加和被标榜的状态。

Clover Nature School uses participatory community gardens as the starting point to combine public participation and urban regeneration, with the objective of completing the network of community gardens in Shanghai, and exploring ways to achieve sustainable urban regeneration.

As a social organisation, what we actually advocate is self-discipline. A community garden can precisely function as a 24-hour and all-year active experiment field for social governance, as well as a place for citizens to receive public education and a carrier for enterprises to fulfil their social responsibility.

We hope to discover and utilise the value of public spaces in social good and public governance from a design perspective, while allowing these spaces to present a pluralistic, natural and free state, rather than being imposed and labelled.

▼枢纽型花园案例：创智农园

An example of hub gardens: Knowledge & Innovation Community Garden

▼创智农园中的雨水收集设施和蚯蚓堆肥塔，

Rainwater collecting facilities and worm tower for composting in the Knowledge & Innovation Community Garden

创智农园总体布局分为设施服务区、公共活动区、朴门农作区、一米菜园区、互动园艺区等。集装箱改造的室内区域及公共区域位于农园的中部，两侧为大面积的公共农事区，其中北部朴门菜园区有贯通南北的小路和休息座椅。在全园范围内设有垃圾分类箱、蚯蚓塔、各类堆肥设施、雨水收集、小温室等可持续能量循环设施。

社区花园分为不同的类型，像创智农园属于枢纽型的花园，它的功能是非常复合的，通常它会有企业、政府或社会组织去做组织化的建设。

第二类是更为常见的位于居住小区当中的花园，规模大概在两百平左右，这些花园往往是由居委会和社区来主导的，我们在上海建造的 80%的花园属于这种类型，它是社会治理的非常重要的一个组成部分。

对于此类花园通常会有社区的志愿者团队（一般叫花友会、绿植队等等）和社区以及设计团队进行交流，方案出来之后一般也是由这些志愿者共同参与建设，除了一些比较困难的部分，比如水泥浇灌和构筑物搭建，我们会请专业施工队来帮忙解决，大部分的种植都是由居民自己直接完成。

There are different types of community gardens, including the hub gardens, such as the Knowledge & Innovation Community Garden, which has combined functions and is usually organised by enterprises, government or social organisations; and the gardens that are located in residential communities, which are often built and maintained by the neighborhood committee and the residents. 80% of the gardens we build in Shanghai are of this type, and it is a very important part of social governance. For these gardens there is usually a team of community volunteers (usually called a flower club, green team, etc.) who are in charge of the communication with both the community and the design team. When the design process has been done, the volunteers are also involved in the construction phase. Most of the planting work is done directly by the residents themselves.

▼居住小区花园案例：虹旭生境花园

An example of residential community gardens: Hongxu Biotope Garden

▼虹旭生境花园更新前后对比，The Hongxu Biotope Garden before and after renovation

4.您曾说要在上海建造 2040 个社区花园，目前已经完成了多少？每个花园从构思到落地，要经历一个怎样的过程？如何确保每个花园能够顺利延续下去，并解决后续的维护问题？

Your team has set the goal of fostering 2040 community gardens in Shanghai, how many have been completed so far? What process does each garden go through from conception to implementation? How to ensure that each garden will continue to grow and that maintenance issues will be addressed?

到 2040 年建成 2040 个社区花园，这是我们的一个目标。其实我们的团队“累死累活”一年也就能做 30 个花园，但是实际上我们现在每年增加的花园数量远远超过 30 个，靠的就是居民参与的力量。

每个花园的建造周期在一个月左右，具体的建造时间不固定，比如工作日的时候会歇一歇，或者遇到雨季工期就会拉长一点。我们可以同时进行好几个项目，平常居民也会自己做，我们不一定每时每刻都要在场。

我们是在努力做到像朴门永续花园这样“自然有序”的设计，这也是我们团队的一个很重要的目标。首先大家需要懂得欣赏自然之美，然后就是让自然做功。在种植之后，除了会对个别入侵的植物进行管控之外，我们会尽可能地让这些植物以一种完全自由的方式成长。通常我们会找到适合这块土地的植物，比如像沙棘，它就可以在比较贫瘠的土地上生长。能够懂得去欣赏从一块土地上自然生长出来的东西，我觉得这个是很重要的。哪怕一开始它是有点稚嫩的、凌乱的，但这恰恰是它的魅力所在。

It is our target to have 2040 community gardens by 2040. To be honest, the maximum number of gardens that our team can complete through a year is about 30. However, relying on the power of residents’ participation, we are able to finish far more than 30 gardens a year.

We are striving to complete all these gardens under the concept of Urban Permaculture with a “naturally ordered” method of design, which is also one of the major objectives of Clover Nature School. After the phase of planting, we try to let the plants grow in a completely free manner, apart from the control of a few invasive species.

I think it is important to have the ability to appreciate something that grows naturally from a piece of land. It is exactly what makes it so attractive, although it can be immature and messy in the beginning.

▼花园的种植和维护，Planting and maintaining

5. 四叶草堂践行“朴门永续”的发展理念，在追求建造效率的行业现状下，这样的永续理念在实践过程中会遇到哪些挑战和阻力？您的团队是如何克服的？

Clover Nature School’s community gardens have been carried out as examples of urban permaculture. In the era when efficiency is put as a top priority in the industry, did you face any challenge in the process of practice? How did your team overcome them?

我们碰到的困难其实是层出不穷的，早期是大家觉得这个事毫无意义，而且是一种老土的做法。实际建造的过程中会有很多人认为你是在破坏小区现有的标准和规则，因此提出反对和质疑，所以最大的困难其实还是价值观念上的困难。

有些人只是要求自己的利益最大化，当它对公共服务不满意的时候，就会选择去投诉、去挤兑别人的资源，但他可能没有想过，他其实是可以自己去服务自己的。当你原来的那些生活便利全都消失，你是否能够迅速地产生自给自足的能力和能量？

在市场和政府提供的公共服务之外，我们要允许一部分先行实验，鼓励自我的赋能，然后进行自我生产，自我成长。在这种自己服务自己的过程当中，你一方面提升了自己的能力，一方面又让公共空间的品质得到了改善。

The difficulties we encountered were endless, early on it was that people thought it was pointless and an old fashioned way of doing things. The actual process of building it would be opposed and questioned by many people who thought you were destroying the existing standards and rules of the community, so the biggest challenge was at the level of perceptions and values.

There can be some people who just demand to maximise their own interests, and when they are not satisfied with public services, they choose to complain and squeeze the resources of others. It never occurs to these people that they can actually serve themselves.

In addition to the public services provided by the market and the government, pioneering experiments should be allowed and encouraged, and then there will be more opportunities to achieve self-empowerment and the following self-production and self-sufficiency. This process of self-service will not only enhance one’s abilities, but also the quality of the public space.

▼社区花园遵循像朴门永续花园这样“自然有序”的设计理念。The community gardens are designed under the concept of Urban Permaculture with a “naturally ordered” method of design.

▼社区花园为城市中的小动物提供栖息地

The community gardens provide habitat for small animals in the city.

“Permaculture”（ “朴门永续设计” ） = permanent(永恒) + agriculture(农业) + culture（文化）

· 是一套设计系统，从自然界中找寻各种可仿效的生态关系。用符合自然生态原理，与生态整合的方法，设计人类赖以生存的空间以及生活。巧妙整合土壤、植物、动物、昆虫、微气候、能源、水、交通、经济等，将每一个元素完美结合。

· 是一种生活方式，朴门永续设计不仅是漂亮的花园和农场，也是改变着我们对待环境、资源和生命的态度。

6. 社区花园鼓励居民自己建设和维护花园，构建“共治的景观”。这种居民自主建造的花园和以传统方式规划的景观花园相比有哪些优势和特点？

Clover Nature School’s community gardens encourage residents to build and maintain their own gardens, which means to create a “cooperative landscape’.

What makes the community gardens unique from the traditionally planned and landscaped gardens?

上海有 2500 万人口，这个城市里有各种各样的公共空间，但哪些是真正和你有关的？哪些空间是由你塑造出来的？如果你看过《小王子》的话，就会明白这种联系的意义：世界上有成千上万朵玫瑰，但却只有这一朵和你有关。一个哪怕只有 1 平方米的小花园，它可能在你的阳台，或者你的楼下，但如果你建造了它，或者呵护了它，那么它对于你来说就是特别的、不可替代的存在。当每个人都参与到这个空间的守护中来，那么这个空间和人就变成了玫瑰花与小王子的关系，成为了一个共同体。在当下的这样一个“赛博”时代，如果我们还能够重新去认识到、理解到一个实体空间的价值，这会显得尤为珍贵。

Shanghai has a population of 25 million and there are all kinds of public spaces in the city, but which ones really have a relationship with you? Which places are really shaped by your hands? It can be easier to understand the significance of such relationship if you have read the story of The Little Prince: there are millions of roses in the world, but only one has a connection with you.

When everyone is involved in the maintenance of a garden, then the garden and its maintainers will establish a relationship just like that between the rose and her little prince. In such a “cyber” era we living in today, it is precious if we can still regain an understanding of the value of a physical space.

▼由居民亲自设计、绘图和建造的社区花园，

A community garden designed, drawn and built by the residents themselves

一直有人会问我什么样的景观空间才算是一个好的景观空间，我自己有一个内心的标准，就是你在这个空间当中会感到自己的能量和感受都是增加的，也就是你的“主体性”是变强的，你会感觉自己是被尊重的，这一刻这个空间就是完全属于你的自由世界。这种自由是最宝贵的。

我记得我们在做鞍山四村社区百草园的时候，有一个小男孩抬石子铺路，抬得满头大汗，但是他每次都是乐在其中。因为他力气很大，每次都处在排头，这让他特别有成就感。当我们在这个城市中找到了这种“主体性”，或者说恢复了自己的存在感和荣誉感的时候，这种幸福是不可替代的。

我觉得有时候人是需要经历一些“苦痛”的，在这之后身体所散发出来的能量都会带着一股芬芳，这就是幸福感或者叫获得感。

I have been frequently asked what makes a good landscape space. I have a subjective criterion for myself, that is, it is the space where you can feel your energy and feelings increasing, which means your “subjectivity” is getting stronger.

A good landscape space makes you feel respected, and provide you with a moment to be the master of a free world of your own. It will lead to a huge sense of happiness when you recover your existence and honour by finding subjectivity in the city you live in.

Sometimes we need to go through “physical pains” first to let the “fragrant” energy coming out of the body— which I think is what happiness or the sense of really feels like.

▼小志愿者们参与花园建设，The young volunteers participated in the construction of the community garden.

▼蔬菜瓜果大丰收，A harvest of vegetables and fruit

7. 专业与非专业人员在社区花园营造这件事上分别发挥了怎样的作用？在树立公民参与意识和培训相关知识方面，您的团队做出了哪些努力？让居民充分地参与进来，是否只需要靠大家的自觉就可以？

What is the role of professionals and non-professionals in the creation of community gardens? What efforts have your team made to build awareness and training in public participation? Is it only necessary to rely on everyone’s self-consciousness to make them fully participate in the initiative?

范老师带领的运维组目前开设了一系列的培训课程，在疫情期间也没有停歇。比如面向小学生和初中生的“小小社区规划师”课程，就是发动孩子们来深度地了解自己的社区，然后从自己的社区中发现问题，并提出解决方案。这个过程也会促使他们关注到社区中的一些需要帮助的群体，例如独居的老人等，从而引导他们去思考如何为这些人群创造更好的生活条件。

在花园营造方面，团队成员会给居民教授一些基本的园艺方法，例如认识植物、堆肥以及废弃物的再设计等等。我们首先是要培养出一批有意愿、有能力参与社区规划和营造的“带头人”，接着再去帮助更多的居民慢慢掌握具体的工作。此外我们也会组织一些社区性的共建活动，邀请专业人士开展工作坊和课题研究等等。

The operation and maintenance group led by Haoyang FAN is currently running a series of training courses, which operates as usual even during the epidemic. For example, the ‘Young Community Planners’ course for primary and junior high school students is designed to encourage the children and teenagers to have a deeper understanding of their own communities, with the goal to propose solutions for all those problems they find during the investigation. This process also allows them to pay attention to the residents who need help, such as the seniors living alone, and thus to think about how to create better living conditions for these groups.

In terms of garden construction, our team members will teach residents basic gardening methods, such as how to recognize different species, how to put fertilizer in the garden and how to re-design the wastes.

First of all, we need to cultivate a group of “leaders” who are willing and able to participate in the planning and building of the community, and then to help more residents to get to grips with the specific tasks. We also organize community building activities and invite professionals to conduct relevant workshops and research projects.

▼左：东明路街道凌八居民区种植课程；

右：刘悦来在（第一季）社区规划师培育工作坊宣讲

Left: Community garden planting course;

Right: Liu Yuelai delivering a presentation at the (first) Community Planner Workshop

理论上来讲，我们本来就是一个民间组织，居民都是基于兴趣参与进来的。

就拿上海这次疫情来说，很多人的能动性都被调动出来了，以前不当回事的一根葱现在也会在家里面小心地呵护。

社区花园也是同样的，你要去硬推、去不停地宣传其实意义并不是很大，这件事是一定要让大家在自己内心真正需要的时候再去做。

别人能不能认可这件事，我们是管不了的。但我们还是得继续去做，因为总归要先有一些人去做其他人觉得没有意义的事情，才有机会让更多人发现这件事情的作用和价值，这是一个社会发展的很重要的逻辑。

Basically we are a non-governmental organisation and the participants are all involved based on interest. We can’t force people to acknowledge our initiatives, but we still have to keep moving on because there always needs to be someone to do what others think is meaningless, only then will more and more people discover the effect and value of it.

▼上海社区花园选择以孩子作为纽带连结亲子家庭参与社区事务

A Community Garden in Shanghai involves children as a bond between parent-child families and the participation of community affairs

▼插秧活动，Rice planting event

8. 与政府的合作是社区花园建造中重要的一环，请介绍一下你们的工作与政策之间有哪些相互影响和促进？除了政府部门，与其他组织的合作为四叶草堂带来了怎样的影响或者新的想法？

早期我们合作最多的是企业，因为企业是创新的主体，它们最愿意接触新的东西，愿意去做一些实验，也能够承认失败。在四叶草堂的发展过程当中，企业的支持一直是我们的一个巨大的推动力。

现阶段我们更多是和政府合作，因为社区花园实际上是一个通过民间力量来自我赋能、来提升社区自主服务的一种方式。我们现在不光是要做一些具体的项目，我们还希望能够通过我们的实践去进一步地推动政府政策的形成。比如说在 2020 年的春天我们支持了上海市人大代表的一项提案，内容关系到社区规划和社区花园如何促进政府部门之间的条块关系的梳理，2021 年我们支持了上海市政协委员的关于市民花园的提案包括未来如何产生更深刻的社区规划制度和社区园艺制度等等，这些都是我们与政府的合作关系所带来的直接影响。

空间更新和社会治理的有机融合是我们跟政府合作的一个非常关键的前提，而社区花园又是城市更新当中最容易入手的一个绿色的起点。我们现在已经得到了南宁和上海的一些政府部门的信任，这让我们有机会去帮助更多社区进行规划师的培训和一些社区规划的实验。我们希望在每个街道，从领导班子、到居委会再到普通居民，包括小朋友们，都可以参与相关的课程培训，并且在这个基础上建立起一种机制，让每个社区都拥有自己的参与式社区规划手册，每位居民都能参与生产自己的社区花园。

In the early days we cooperated most with enterprises, but at the current stage we are working more with the government, because community gardens are essentially a way of self-empowerment through the public participation to improve community ownership.

In addition to specific garden projects, we also hope to further facilitate the policy-making through our practice. An example is that in 2021 we supported the Shanghai CPPCC member’s proposal for building a civic garden, which provided a blueprint on how to generate a sound system of community planning and community gardening in the future.

The organic integration of spatial regeneration and social governance is a key premise of our cooperation with the government, and community gardens are one of the ideal entry points for urban regeneration. We have now gained the trust of some government departments in Nanning and Shanghai, which has given us the opportunity to help more communities with the planner training and experimental planning programs.

Our vision is to provide opportunities for all parties, from the official team, to the neighbourhood committee and residents, to participate in the relevant courses and on this basis to establish a mechanism whereby each community has its customized manual for planning and building, and each individual will become part of the production of their own community gardens.

▼在火车菜园举办的朴门工作坊

Permaculture studio held in Train Garden

9. 由四叶草堂发起的“SEEDING 计划”是一个什么样的计划？目前的发展如何？请介绍一下它的意义和作用。

SEEDING 计划最初发起于 2020 年。因为突如其来的疫情，很多可以让大家面对面交流的活动都被停止了，所以当时我们就在想，有没有另外一种形式的社区花园可以继续维持邻里的交流？后来我们就做了 SEEDING 计划，它是一种以分享种子、绿植空间为媒介，行动者共创筹建社区花园空间站与在地网络的实践。通过无接触的空间媒介来鼓励行动者共同创造一个邻里的“互助网络”。

我们当时用一系列的方式来倡导大家去种一些东西，家里有植物的，可以分享一些种子给没有种子的人。加入了这个行动的人，等于是在参与一场“种子接力”。比如我这边有一颗鸡蛋，你可以拿回家吃掉，但你必须要带一粒种子回来，或者放一点泥土，然后邻居又可以用这些土来种苗。等过两天我们能出去了，就可以把这些苗移到楼下。

这些存在于楼道里、阳台上的“种子孵化器”其实就是一个个无限拆分的社区花园，它们像粒子一般弥漫在空间当中，而当这些小小的节点不断汇聚和连接起来的时候，就构成了一个具有韧性的、缘起于空间的社会网络。

These “seed incubators” put in the hallways and balconies can be regarded as a series of disaggregated community gardens, diffused like particles in space, and as these tiny nodes continue to connect with each other, a resilient, spatially-derived social network will eventually be formed.

▼Seeding 计划的参与者将自己培育的植物放在楼道与邻居共享，Plants raised by the participants of the Seeding Campaign are placed in the hallway to share with neighbours.

SEEDING 起源于四叶草堂在 2020 年新冠疫情期间倡导的旨在“重建信任、种下希望”的社区花园邻里守望互助公益计划，倡导居家自主邻里守望互助，以无接触分享种子/绿植的空间媒介来传递爱与信任的力量，以行动者共创的方式筹划社区花园空间站与在地网络，协同构筑安全美好的永续家园。

SEEDING 计划现在已经形成了一个全国性的网络，叫“全国 SEEDING 联盟”，每两年会举办一次全国社区花园论坛。我们还做了一个全国的社区花园地图，希望能够让更多人接入到这个网络中来。此外，相关小程序的开发最近也在进行当中，它可以让使用者随时随地找到自己身边的社区花园。

在上海、华南、北京、天津、西南等各地联合行动伙伴的共同支持和发起下，SEEDING 逐渐演化为由热爱种植、热爱生命的企事业单位、高校、社团、组织和超级行动者共同参与的本土社会行动项目。SEEDING 全国联盟正在集结中……

SEEDING 计划让我们更加认识到社区花园的进化方式，它是从一个广大的开放的空间逐渐进入到“人”这个最基本的单元中，可以说是另一种意义上的“内卷”，即真正回归内心、回归到自己的家园。其实所有的社会治理，规划也好，建筑也好，景观也好，都是在研究人和人，以及人和自然的关系。我们中国传统文化中所说的家、国、天下，它既是一个格局观，又是一个空间观。所以一个有韧性的社会网络，需要每个人以身作则，用我们的身体参与其中。

The SEEDING Campaign has now developed to a country-scale network called the National Seeding Alliance, accompany with the holding of National Community Garden Forum every two years.

The SEEDING Campaign has given us a clearer understanding of the way in which community gardens evolve from a large-scale open space into a human-scale presence, or, into the most basic unit of “people”. In fact, all forms of social governance, planning, landscape and architectural design are engaging with the relationship among people, as well as that between people and nature.

Similarly, the philosophy of “the family, the state and then the world” in traditional Chinese culture also reflects how we treat scale and space. A resilient social network requires everyone to take action and get involved in a tangible way.

▼种子接力站，Seeding Stations

10. 在同济的教学工作中，您是否也将“共治的景观”（Cooperative Landscape）纳为教学内容的一部分？从老师的角度，您认为当下景观教学中有哪些需要关注或改善的问题？有哪些您个人正在研究和希望推广的议题？

As a professor at Tongji University, do you also include Cooperative Landscape as part of your teaching content? From the teacher’s point of view, what do you think are the issues that need attention and improvement in the current teaching of landscape? Are there any inspiring subjects and topics that you are personally working on?

我在同济有一门课程叫景观管理（Landscape Governance），也是上海课程思政建设的示范课程。大家可能觉得思想政治和景观专业课没什么关系，但其实无论是景观还是建筑、规划，都是为国家大的形势发展服务的，说实在它是一个服务行业，所以你必须要知道这些空间的生产是在什么背景下生产的，它的发展的趋势到底是什么？

为什么要做共治的景观？为什么要做社区花园？经济学中有一个很重要的概念叫“公地悲剧”（Tragedy of the commons），每个人都有权利和利益诉求，但如果所有人都只从私利的角度出发，结果一定是资源被浪费或者耗尽。那么如何才能实现有效的公共资源治理？唯有达成共识，唯有大家不再为私利发起血淋淋的争斗。就像这次疫情，我们必须建立共同体，并且守住最弱势群体的底线，才能让我们所在的这条船不下沉，继续往前走。不要觉得你在船头就会没事，船尾漏水了你也一样不能幸免于难。

I’m now teaching a course at Tongji University called Landscape Governance, which is also a model course for the “Course Ideology and Politics Construction” project being implemented in Shanghai. Whether it is landscape, architecture or planning, they are all at the service of the macroscopic development of the country. Landscape teaching is basically part of the service industry, so it is necessary to know in what context these related spaces are produced and what the trend of its development really is.

Why do we need cooperative landscape? Why do we foster community gardens? It’s necessary to mention here an important concept in economic science called “Tragedy of the commons”. In this situation, all individuals have access and rights to the shared resource, but in the meantime they act independently according to their own self-interest, which consequently causes depletion of the resource. So how can effective governance of the commons be achieved? The only way is to reach a consensus, where the individual users no longer fight for self-interest. We must build a cohesive community and hold the bottom line for the vulnerable groups if we are to keep moving forward as an entirety.

Liu Yuelai with his students

我在景观管理课程的第一节课上就跟大家讲，要实现人民当家作主，最终是要让更多的人愿意站出来，愿意为自己的家园建设贡献自己的力量，而不是只是等着政府或者开发商来帮你做。

我在课上给学生出的一道题目就是，如何在没有公共财政投入的前提下实现一个公共空间的可持续运维？不管你是去找企业资助还是发起众筹或者公益行动，总之你要去讨论和尝试。

这种工作方法我们就叫它“共治的景观”。

▼“共治的景观”工作坊场景

“Cooperative Landscape”Workshop

Collective consciousness is a prerequisite for “cooperation”, otherwise it is only a unilateral governance, or a centralization of power that controls the productive spaces, forcing the public to use the resource passively.

Cooperative landscape allows everyone of the community to discuss and to build together. When you create a landscaped with your own hands, you will draw the energy directly from your hands to your state of mind. The growth of the landscape is also the growth of each one involved.

Liu Yuelai with the community residents

11. 请您描述您在致力于建设社区花园的这几年中最难忘的一件事。未来，四叶草堂团队以及您本人还有哪些计划和愿景？

Please share us one of the most impressive things happened in the years you have been working on the community gardens. What other plans and visions do you and your team have for the future?

在创办初期最“艰难”的时候，我和魏老师和范老师曾经讨论过，如果四叶草堂没有好的发展或者成效的话，我们还要不要做下去？我们最后达成了一致：哪怕最后只剩下我们三个人，我们还是会把四叶草堂继续做下去。

这次疫情让我们更加深刻地理解到邻里关系的重要性，以及一个健康的社区的宝贵价值。我们认为真正好的景观就是一个让人民的主体性不断增强的景观，是一个慢慢成长和壮大的韧性的网络。而这个网络最高级的阶段，并不是空间和机制上的连接和缠绕，而是一种基于公德心的理性的思考和坚定的行动。

这里我想引用复旦大学社会学教授于海在去年全国社区花园大会上所讲的一段话：就是社区花园看上去是在做空间，实际上是在营造社区，是在做社会发育，这其实是最难的事。社会发育的核心就是公德心的树立和人性的全面成长。如果社区花园对这件事情有帮助，那么它就具有重大的道德建设的价值和价值重塑的意义。

At the most “difficult” time in the early days, professor Wei, professor Fan and I had discussed whether we should continue to work on Clover Nature School if it could not live up to our expectations. The answer was yes, because we all believe that we are going to be the last one to give up the practice of Clover Nature School, even if there were only the three of us left in the end.

The disaster has given us a deeper understanding of the importance of neighbourhoods and the value of a healthy community. We believe that a good landscape is one that can endow its users with enhanced self-awareness, a network of resilience that slowly grows and expands. And the highest level of this network is not embodied in an intertwined space or mechanism, but a rational reflection and determined action based on public morality.

▼2019 年，复旦大学社会学教授于海老师在农园分享《上海纪事》（农园读书会）

In 2019, Yu Hai, Professor of sociology department of Fudan University, is giving a speech about “Shanghai Chronicle” at the community garden workshop.

说到未来，“教育”是我们的初衷，也是终极目标。我们创造的社区花园，反过来也会创造新的我们，这就是一个自我教育自我成长的真正的家园。我希望每个人的精神和灵魂都能在其中自由驰骋，但这种自由是一种有秩序的自由，因为没有一个人能真正地“独善其身”，自由也是需要你付出的，也是需要你去承担责任的。没有责任的自由不叫自由，它可能是互相伤害。所以我们所追求的未来家园一定是相互协商和协作的结果，它的资源也是需要整合和彼此勾连的。

有些人会问我们做社区花园会不会有竞争对手，我开玩笑说，我们做的这个“破事”其实根本没人愿意干。我们巴不得所有人都来做这个事情，因为一个社会组织，它存在的价值其实最终就是去“消灭自己”。我们希望四叶草堂的使命可以尽快完成，到那个时候就不再需要我们专门去做这件事，而是靠大家自发地去行动。

Speaking of future, we always see education as our first and ultimate goal. The community gardens we create will in turn shape a new us. They are a true home for self-education and self-cultivation. It is my vision to see that everyone’s spirit and soul to be free to roam in it, while the freedom is based on the premise of order, because no one can totally stay aloof in today’s world. Freedom comes at a cost, for which you need to pay and take your share of responsibility.

Some people asked us if we are challenged by any competitors in the practice of community gardens, and I kidded them that honestly, no one ever wants to ever grab this “hot potato”. We look forward to seeing everyone participating in what we are doing, because the ultimate goal of a social organization like us is to “wipe out ourself”. We hope the mission of Clover Nature School can be accomplished as soon as possible. At that time we are no longer required to do that intentionally, but rely on the public to act on their own initiative.

▼刘悦来，Liu Yuelai