比利时圆形消防站 / Philippe SAMYN and PARTNERS

项目简介

INTRODUCTION

这座消防站的设计充分考虑了基地特征。其现代的形态简洁而又醒目，人车流线清晰，功能紧凑完善，与环境和谐统一。

Considering the specific characteristics of the site, the architecture of the project is simple, contemporary, compact and functional (flow of people and vehicles) while offering an iconic and recognisable form, compatible with the firm tertiary character of the environment.

▼建筑外观，现代醒目，external view of the building in a recognizable form © Simon Schmitt

基地环境

SITUATION

为了能在紧急的时候迅速且安全地派出人员和车辆，建筑的选址必须要方便地连接到附近的机动车道上。为了满足这一需求，建筑师花费了大量精力在减少消防站的反应时间上。

建筑师充分研究了场地上的限制条件，包括巨大的高差，周边街区，道路，地面承载，风向和日照等等，以此决定了建筑的位置，将应急反应与这些条件结合在一起。

Easy access to the nearby motorway is essential for the station’s location. It is therefore crucial that the selection of this site is reinforced by the fast and safe transport of vehicles and people in case of emergency. Consequently, all efforts are made in order to reduce the response time of the fire station.

The location of the building is the result of a study aimed at combining the responses to the constraints given by the site: large drop, neighbourhood, driveways, low ground bearing, wind direction, solar orientation, etc.

▼鸟瞰图，建筑与城市道路连接便捷，bird view, the building connects to the motor road conveniently © Simon Schmitt

建筑被设置在基地最平整的高地上，有效控制了建造过程中的挖掘和填埋。两条现有的道路中一条被用作紧急通路，另一条则供工作人员和游客使用，这样的安排缩短了道路的长度。

建筑南部为地面层入口，行人、自行车和汽车皆可由此进入其中，此外该区域还设有装卸货物的空间。

西侧的入口位于建筑二层，这里是紧急事件调度楼层，外侧围绕应急环路，滑升门的使用保证了每辆卡车可以单独出动。

The location of the building, in the upper and flattest part of the ground, limits the excavation and backfill associated with the construction. The two existing driveways, the first used for emergencies and the second for personnel and visitor access, are positioned in order to limit the length of the roads.

The hollow made by the south access creates the entrance to the building at ground level (pedestrians, bicycles and cars), as well as an area accessible to delivery vans. Access to the west, which is higher, establishes the first level of the building as the emergency level. This level is surrounded by an emergency ring road, allowing each truck to leave independently from the others by a sectional door assigned to it.

▼总平面图，南侧和西侧分设两个入口，二层紧急车道围绕建筑设置，提高效率，site view showing two entrances on south and west, with emergency road surrounding the building on the first floor, improving the efficiency  Philippe SAMYN and PARTNERS, architects & engineers

南北轴线为项目的主干，通过地面层的入口展开。垂直流线点缀在宽敞的水平流线上，指示建筑的方向。

The true backbone of the project is the north-south axis, naturally indicated by the access to ground level. This is the main horizontal circulation, punctuated by all the vertical circulations, thus defining the building’s orientation.

▼地面层平面图，南北轴线为建筑主干，ground floor plan, the north-south axis is the backbone of the building  Philippe SAMYN and PARTNERS, architects & engineers

消防训练塔位于紧急通路外侧，处在南北轴线和应急车辆入口道路交界处，从轴线上清晰可见。它的北侧为混凝土浇制的训练区，救火车可以围绕训练塔行驶，模拟火灾场景。根据对基地的研究，消防训练被安排在地块北部，以防止烟雾飘向附近街区。

The drill tower, situated across the emergency road at the junction of the north-south axis and the emergency vehicle access road, is visible from this axis. It is surrounded by a concrete exercise area to the north, allowing trucks to easily turn around the tower and to simulate fires.

The site report suggests establishing the area for fire drill exercises to the north of the field, in order to avoid smoke drifting toward the neighbouring houses.

▼消防训练塔位于建筑轴线北端，紧急车道外侧， the drill tower is located outside the emergency road on the north end of the axis of the building © Marie-Françoise Plissart

▼消防训练塔外观，view of the drill tower (up left © Charly Dean / up right © Ghislain André / bottom © THOMAS & PIRON)

东南区域地势起伏，为了保留基地的自然植被，建筑师最大限度地减少了在该区域的建造工程。这里设有室外运动场，与卸货区相连。

基地由连续的屏障环绕，仅在紧急出入口、主入口和卸货区留有开口，保证了整个项目的安全性。

南侧设有一面由穿孔板组成的红墙，饰有地区消防署盾形纹章，将停车场和卸货区分隔开来，且一直延伸到路边，成为基地入口的指引标。

The south-east area follows the uneven ground in order to limit, as much as possible, the construction footprint on this green site. It naturally joins the outdoor sports field, established as a continuation of the delivery area.

The site is fully secure, thanks to a continuous barrier, with only three separate and secure access points: the “emergency” access point, the “entrance” access point and the “delivery” access point.

To the south, a red wall of perforated plates emblazoned with the Regional Fire Service shield, separates the car park from the delivery area and extends up to the road, marking the entrance to the site.

▼消防站东南侧设有室外运动场，与卸货区相连，尽可能保留起伏的自然地貌，sports field on the southeast of the site remaining the uneven natural landform, combining the delivery area © Simon Schmitt

▼渲染图，红色穿孔板墙面分隔空间，指引方向，rendering, red wall of perforated panels divides the space while marking the station  Polygon Graphics cvba

建筑形态学

MORPHOLOGY OF THE BUILDING

圆形的平面与紧急车辆流线直接相关。在项目中设有两个机动车流线，一为内部流线，供返回车辆使用；另一条外部流线则用于派出消防车。圆形的布局让两条流线之间不会发生交叉干扰，并且避免了同时在大厅内外进行调度。

所有的功能都被安排在了这栋直径为90米，高五层的圆柱形建筑中。紧凑的体量减小了暴露在外的表面积，将能量损耗控制在最小。在能源更新系统到位之前，建筑需要节约用能，减少能量损失，将建筑及装置中免费产生的能源最大化。

The round form of the plan issues directly from the flow of emergency vehicles. Indeed, two circulation driveways are planned: the first, internal, for return from emergencies and the other, external, for departures. The round form is an obvious means to avoid any crossing between the two flows and to ensure that no manoeuvre is performed both inside or outside the great hall.

All functions are housed in this 90 m diameter and 5 level high cylinder. The compactness of this volume reduces external exposed surfaces and thus minimizes energy loss. Before putting renewable energy systems in place, it is essential to save energy at the source, reducing energy loss and maximising free gains from the architecture and its installation.

▼外部紧急车道绕建筑一周，external emergency road surrounding the building (above © Guislain André / bottom © Marie-Françoise Plissart)

▼一辆车对应一扇直通室外紧急车道的门，separated door connected to the emergency road for each truck © Marie-Françoise Plissart

▼内部车道，internal road © Marie-Françoise Plissart

地面层 – 入口 LEVEL 0 – entrance

该半地下层入口设在南侧，主要用于停车和装卸货物。所有的停车位和卸货平台都被设置在室内。停车场清晰地划分出了游客，白天工作人员和24小时工作人员区域。该层剩下的空间由设备区，与卸货平台直接相连的仓储区，以及特殊部队区组成。此外，这里还设有防毒面具训练通道以及通往训练塔的入口。

位于室内的停车场与外界恶劣天气隔绝，十分舒适。这样的设计在最大程度上减少了对外部自然环境的开发。停车场中央设有采光天井，一系列镜面将自然光反射到空间的各个角落，进一步增加了环境的舒适度，并且清晰地标识出了入口的位置。13米见方的天窗紧挨垂直核心筒和接待区，将所有人自然而然地引导到空间之中。

This semi-underground level is on the same level as the south access. It is ideal for parking and for the delivery area. All the car parks, as well as the unloading platforms, are covered. The car park is clearly divided between visitors, day personnel and “24 h” personnel. The rest of this level is composed of technical areas, stock areas (directly connected to the unloading platform) and areas for special units. In addition, there is a gas mask training pathway and an access to the drill tower.

As it is sheltered from inclement weather, the use of the car park is very comfortable while its reduced footprint maximises external green spaces. The natural light in the car park further increases comfort with a set of mirrors reflecting the light from the central skylight. This brightens the space and makes the entrance clearer. Indeed, this 13 m squared skylight is situated next to the vertical circulation core and the welcome-museum area. It naturally guides all users to this space.

▼室内停车场，不同区域相互分隔，interior parking, different area separated from each other © Marie-Françoise Plissart

二层 – 紧急情况调度 LEVEL 1 – emergency

建筑二层设有西入口，车库及内部车道围绕中央大厅设置。急救车被安排在一个单独的恒温隔间中，此外还有一个隔间为专门的洗车处。在停车区和道路流线之间没有设置一根柱子，保证环形空间灵活性的同时，防止了潜在事故的发生。

每辆消防车都有自己的库门与外部车道直接相连，不需要在紧急情况下走内部流线，避免伤害到跑向所属车辆的消防员。在整个曲面上共设有48扇6米高的大门，与紧急区域后部的天井一起为大厅提供柔和而又均匀的采光。

车道边设有一片宽阔的“英雄广场”，用来庆祝消防战士的归来，并且向他们表达敬意。该区域也是迎接游客团体的接待区，可以举办消防宣讲会等活动。

At the level of the west access, this area is occupied on the periphery by the main hall, harbouring the vehicles’ garage in addition to an internal lane. A separate compartment houses the ambulances at a constant temperature, while another compartment is occupied by a car-wash. There are no pillars between the circulation driveway and parking places, which prevents many potential accidents and provides flexibility in this annular space.

However, no vehicle is to circulate in an emergency state within the building. In fact, each vehicle has its own door and leaves directly without endangering any of the fire fighters who are running towards their trucks.

The main hall is lit by fourty-eight 6 m high translucent doors along the whole curved façade, creating soft and uniform lighting in addition to the skylight facing the back of the emergency area. This space is magnified by the “heroes’ square”, a space dedicated to the celebration or reverence of the fire fighters who have returned from the fire. This ample space also allows for the welcoming of groups of visitors, information sessions for the entire station, etc.

▼消防车车库，透明的库门满足室内采光，truck park with transparent doors allowing light to shine into the space (up © Charly Dean / bottom © Marie-Françoise Plissart)

▼停车位和室内车道间没有柱子，no pillars between park area and internal lane © Marie-Françoise Plissart

▼每辆消防车对应一个库门，避免干扰，each truck has one door to the outside, avoiding any disturbance © Quentin Olbrechts

▼单独的救护车停放区域，separated area for ambulance © Marie-Françoise Plissart

▼英雄广场，hero square © Ghislain André

环路间的剩余空间内设有机械工作坊，紧急更衣室，储藏室和消防车及设备维护间，可以对面具、水箱和水管等进行维修保养。在靠近紧急区域后部的位置为污染物通道，干净的物品被安置在第一辆消防车边。

The rest of the level, falling within the ring road, includes the mechanical workshop, emergency changing rooms, storage and maintenance rooms for equipment and truck (masks, tanks, hosepipes, etc.).

A logical pathway connects contaminated elements, near to the back of the emergency area, and the clean elements on the side of the first emergency trucks.

▼设备储藏室，storage © Marie-Françoise Plissart

▼快速通道和楼梯，emergency pathway and staircase © Marie-Françoise Plissart

三层 – 更衣室 LEVEL 2 – changing rooms

大厅和工作区之间的夹层面积很小，包括私人更衣室，救护车司机个室和部分办公室，由中央天井采光。

On the mezzanine of the main hall and the workshop, this small-surfaced area includes private changing rooms, rooms dedicated to the ambulance drivers in addition to some offices, using the light from the central skylight.

四层 – 生活和管理区

LEVEL 3 – life and administration

所有的部门办公室都设在第四层，建筑总接待室也在此层，紧靠垂直交通核。部门之间通过南北朝向的中央走廊连接，气闸后为消防员的生活区，设有电视房，运动大厅，训练室和卧室等。紧急呼叫中心靠近卧室和办公室设置，可以清楚地看到紧急车道。

This level includes all departmental offices as well as the building’s general reception office situated next to the vertical circulation core. These departments are served by a central north-south corridor which, after the airlock, also serves the fire fighters’ living areas (television room, sports hall, training room, bedrooms etc.). The Emergency Call Processing Centre, located near the bedrooms and offices, offers a panoramic view of the emergency driveway.

▼办公室，通过中央天井采光，office with natural light from the central skylight © Marie-Françoise Plissart

▼观影和演讲室，room for lecture and projection © Marie-Françoise Plissart

▼室内运动大厅，interior sports hall © Marie-Françoise Plissart

除了中央天井，这些区域还通过开窗和7个南北向露台进行采光。露台中设有水池，提高了环境的温湿舒适度，可以对能源进行有效管理。 运动大厅的屋顶和墙面上部设有聚碳酸酯板，阳光可以借此照入室内。

All of these areas are lighted by exterior wall openings as well as by 7 north-south oriented patios in addition to the central skylight. These north-south patios allow efficient energy management, improving hygrothermal comfort with water pools. The sports hall is lighted by polycarbonate panels placed upon the roof and on the upper part of the vertical walls.

▼近景鸟瞰，中央为采光天井，四周设有七个水池，close bird view, skylight in the center with seven water pools around © Simon Schmitt

▼采光天井，设置镜面让光线反射到室内，skylight with mirrors to reflect the light into the building © Marie-Françoise Plissart

▼水池调节微环境，water pools improving the micro environment of the building © Marie-Françoise Plissart

五层 – 花园和餐厅

最高层设置了一间餐厅，从这里可以纵览沙勒罗瓦全景。此外，屋顶上还设有约一百平方米的花园，种满花朵和蔬菜。蔬菜园和温室里收割的食材可以直接供给厨房使用。它们被设计成了附近酒店学校培训课程的一部分，学生会过来照顾花园以及为消防员烹饪伙食。

餐厅外还设有一个室外露台，人们可以在这里享受一下阳光浴的乐趣。

The last level offers a restaurant with a panoramic view over Charleroi, as well as a floral and vegetable garden of about a hundred square metres on the roof. This vegetable garden and greenhouse can provide food directly to the kitchen. They are designed to be a part of the training provided by the hotel schools in the surrounding area, whose students could come and prepare the fire fighters’ meals and tend the garden. There is also an outdoor terrace next to the restaurant for a bit of sun exposure.

▼屋顶餐厅，立面采用大面积开窗，可以欣赏城市景色，roof restaurant with large glazings providing views to the region © Quentin Olbrechts

▼屋顶种植园，vegetable and floral garden on the roof © Quentin Olbrechts

该层同时设有通往运动大厅坐席的入口和一条围绕建筑的室外跑道，可以欣赏到这个地区的壮观景色。

This level also has access to the seating levels for the sports hall and an outdoor running track circling the building while offering spectacular views of the region.

▼屋顶跑道，景色壮观，running track on the roof with spectacular views (up © Quentin Olbrechts

/ bottom © Marie-Françoise Plissart)

屋顶和设备房 LEVEL 5 – roof and equipment rooms

餐厅屋顶安装了光伏发电板和吸热版，为消防站的正常运行提供了部分电能和热水。

The roof of the restaurant is equipped with photovoltaic and thermal panels providing one part of the electricity and hot water required for the proper functioning of the station.

▼光电板，photovoltaic and thermal panels © Quentin Olbrechts

▼建筑夜景，night view © Ghislain André

▼二层平面图，first floor plan  Philippe SAMYN and PARTNERS, architects & engineers

▼三层平面图，mezzanine plan  Philippe SAMYN and PARTNERS, architects & engineers

▼四层平面图，third floor plan  Philippe SAMYN and PARTNERS, architects & engineers

▼五层平面图，fourth floor plan  Philippe SAMYN and PARTNERS, architects & engineers

▼立面图，elevations  Philippe SAMYN and PARTNERS, architects & engineers

▼剖面图，sections  Philippe SAMYN and PARTNERS, architects & engineers

▼训练塔平面图，plans of the drill tower  Philippe SAMYN and PARTNERS, architects & engineers

▼训练塔轴测图，axonometric of the drill tower / 训练塔剖面图，sections of the drill tower  Philippe SAMYN and PARTNERS, architects & engineers

Built Area: 13,359 m² above ground, 6,362 m² underground;

Services provided: - Architecture and landscaping (with Reservoir A, collaborator) - Structural engineering (with Ingenieursbureau Meijer) - Building services engineering (with Flow Transfer International)