塞尔维亚马库拉博物馆·旧谷仓的现代艺术变身

当多瑙河蜿蜒流过巴诺维奇老城时，马库拉博物馆就静静地伫立于多瑙河的彼岸。该项目坐落于贝尔格莱德市以北25公里处，是由一栋老旧的仓库Zenit 4改造而成的艺术空间。对于诺维巴诺维奇下游几公里处现有的马库拉博物馆来说，新馆的建立在藏品的内容与规模上都起到了很好的补充作用。博物馆旧馆于2008年开放，拥有东欧最大的现代与当代艺术私人藏品库，同时也是塞尔维亚第一家私人博物馆。博物馆内的艺术品均来自弗拉基米尔·马库拉（Vladimir Macura）的私人收藏，这些艺术品反映出一系列20世纪早期的优秀运动风潮，例如天顶主义、达达主义、超现实主义，维也纳行动主义等等。

As the Danube meanders through the old town of Banovci, just 25km north of Belgrade lies the Magacin Macura – Zenit 4, an old barn transformed into a space for art. It complements the Museum Macura just a few kilometres downstream in Novi Banovci. Opened in 2008, the museum was built to house one of the largest private collections of modern and contemporary art in Eastern Europe and it is the first private museum in Serbia. The collection of Vladimir Macura includes some of the finest examples of early 20th century movements such as Zenithism, Dada, Surrealism, Viennese Actionism and more.

▼项目鸟瞰，aerial view © Miljan Stojkovic


由于项目坐落于一个古老的村庄内，远离主要城市，因此，选址成为本项目中极为重要的一环。行为艺术、音乐会、戏剧表演，电影放映等多种多样的艺术活动，将把这个偏远的小村庄变身成一个聚会的场所，为人们带来全新的体验。

The siting of the Magacin Macura is quite significant, being in an old village, away from the major cities. Performing arts, concerts, theatre plays and film screenings frequently turn the remote location into a place of gathering and experience.

▼由街道看建筑，viewing the project from the street © Robert Slavik

全新的马库拉博物馆由老旧的谷仓改造而成。这个谷仓最初用于储存谷物，后来还储存过面粉与面包。原建筑由简单精美的木结构，引人注目的屋顶桁架，裸露的木地板以及外立面砖墙组成，结构之间均由螺栓连接。在扩建的情况下，维也纳建筑师同时也是艺术家——Milan Mijalkovic希望能在最大程度上保留现有建筑的特色与材料。

The old barn was used for storing grain originally, then flour and more recently bread. It consists of a beautifully simple wooden structure with bolted joints, a visible roof truss, bare wooden floors and brick walls. As much as possible of the material and special qualities should be kept when the Viennese based architect and artist Milan Mijalkovic was asked to plan a significant expansion of the building.

▼立面概览，overall of the facade © Robert Slavik

博物馆扩建的部分成规整的矩形，沿街布置，平面上与现有建筑相垂直，立面上则与现有建筑的屋檐线相齐平。粉红色的立面凸显出博物馆在村庄里的存在感。建筑底层两侧黑色的体量部分中，分别容纳了商店与存储空间。建筑师在扩建部分与原建筑交接的位置，预留出两条有顶的通道。

For the new Magacin, a large rectangular volume was placed along the street, perpendicular to the existing building and lifted up to the eaves line. The pink façade underlines this new presence in the village. Two black boxes, housing a shop and storage spaces, are forming the base of the volume. Between the boxes and the old building, two covered doorways are created.

▼轴测分析图，axonometric diagram © Milan Mijalkovic

穿过左边的通道与入口大厅，是一条绿树成荫的小路。小路蜿蜒而下，直到多瑙河河岸。在这里，人们可以悠闲地坐下来喝一杯自制的薰衣草汁，复古的瓶子与玻璃杯，给人以穿越时空与收藏家本人对话的奇妙错觉。另一侧的通道通向谷仓的后院。后院保持了原有的样貌，在这里，时间仿佛凝固了一般，数十年来，周围的一切好似都没有改变。

Passing through the left doorway, the entrance lobby, there is a tree-lined path, which winds its way down to the banks of the Danube. Here you can sit and drink homemade lavender juice, served in vintage bottles and glasses as you chat with the collector himself. On the other side of the original building the second doorway is leading to a courtyard that looks as though nothing around it has changed in decades, and by and large, that is true.

▼左边的通道通向林荫小路，右边的通道通向后院， the left doorway connect to a tree-lined path and  the right doorway connect to courtyard © Robert Slavik

通道内，阳光透过彩色玻璃门投射到谷仓现有的砖墙上，在这里，斑驳的砖墙与新建筑整洁的抹灰墙面形成鲜明的对比。

In the doorway, stained glass doors are casting coloured light onto the existing brick walls of the barn, where the flaking paintwork and loose render is in stark contrast to the neatly plastered walls of the extension.

▼斑驳的砖墙与新建筑整洁的抹灰墙面形成鲜明的对比， the flaking paintwork and loose render is in stark contrast to the neatly plastered walls © Robert Slavik

▼阳光透过彩色玻璃门投射到谷仓现有的砖墙上， stained glass doors are casting coloured light onto the existing brick walls © Robert Slavik

长条形的谷仓被改造成展览空间，人们可以由室外花园直接进入。空间的尽头设有通向二层空间的楼梯。二层空间开敞通透，包括工作区，卧室以及浴室。这些功能空间同时作为展览的一部分出现。常驻艺术家可以留在这里，进行阅读或行为艺术表演等。

From the garden you enter the long exhibition space of the original barn. At the front end of the space, a staircase leads to perpendicular volume of the upper floor. Here, again in a large open space, working areas, a bedroom and bathroom are situated, all appearing as part of the exhibition. In this space, resident artists can stay, and readings, performances etc. can take place.

▼长条形的谷仓被改造成展览空间，the long exhibition space of the original barn © Robert Slavik

▼二层空间作为展览的一部分出现，the large open space appearing as part of the exhibition © Robert Slavik

项目建设时的预算仅有三万欧元，相当于100欧元/平方米，即使按照塞尔维亚当地标准来看，也是十分紧张的。因此，建筑师采用了一种简单的低成本技术，即，使用钢制框架结构来对项目进行扩建，并在墙面上喷涂绝缘金属覆层来保持整体的统一性。此外，门，窗，甚至木地板均使用了从当地废物处理场所回收的可重复利用的材料。

With a budget of only €30,000, equating to €100/m2—low even by Serbian standards —Mijalkovic opted for simple low-cost techniques using a steel frame to build the extension and insulated metal cladding for the walls. The doors, windows, and even the wooden flooring, were all reused materials, salvaged from the local waste disposal site.

▼项目细部 – 门，窗，地板均使用了回收材料，details – recycled materials are used for doors, windows and floors © Robert Slavik

低成本的设计理念，材料的回收利用，以及对原有建筑与场地资源的保留，使得项目以最小的投入获得了最大化的收益。

The low-cost development with its reused materials has provided so much for so little by keeping what was there already.

▼总平面图，master plan © Milan Mijalkovic

▼底层平面图，ground floor plan © Milan Mijalkovic

▼二层平面图，upper floor plan © Milan Mijalkovic

▼立面图，elevation © Milan Mijalkovic

▼剖面图，sections © Milan Mijalkovic