天津图书馆丨中国天津丨山本理显设计工场,天津市城市规划设计研究总院有限公司

2024 年 3 月 5 日，建筑师山本理显获得了第 53 届普利兹克奖。评审委员会将山本理显称为“建筑师和社会议题的倡导者”，并充分肯定他在建筑中打破公共与私密属性空间的关系，为社区带来积极影响和改变，为人与人创造更多可能的交流机会。

Architect Riken Yamamoto received the 53rd Pritzker Architecture Prize on March 5, 2024. The jury committee described Yamamoto as an “architect and social advocate” and recognized his efforts to break the relationship between public and private Spaces in architecture, bringing positive impact and change to the community, and creating more possible communication opportunities for people.

▼山本理显，Riken Yamamoto

2012 年，67 岁的山本理显完成了他在中国唯一的公共文化建筑，天津图书馆。在项目设计阶段他曾说过：“理想中的图书馆应既具备最新的技术和信息处理等专业性很强的设施，又是市民自由交流、活动，同时激发对新知识的好奇心的平台”。天津图书馆就是在市民交流和专业学习这两种功能融合中产生的。它的定位不是单纯的图书馆，而是公众热爱的知识乐园。它全面而系统地展现了山本理显对人与人、公共与私密、建筑与社区关系的思考与革新。在他获得普利兹克奖这样一个特殊的时间点，我们有必要对这座积极融入社区生活的公共文化建筑进行更为深入的解读，还原其设计初衷，加深对其观念的理解。

In 2012, Yamamoto completed his only public cultural building in China at the age of 67, the Tianjin Library. During the design phase of the project, he said, “The ideal library should have professional facilities such as the latest technology and information processing, which be a platform for citizens to freely exchange activities and stimulating their curiosity for new knowledge.” Tianjin Library was resulted from the fusion of the two functions both citizens exchanging and professional learning. It is not a simple library, but a paradise for public getting knowledge. Tianjin Library comprehensive and systematic displied of Riken Yamamoto’s thinking and innovation on the relationship between people, public and private, architecture and community. At such a special time when he won the Pritzker Architecture Prize, it is necessary for us to have a more in-depth interpretation of this public cultural building that actively integrates into the community lives,and restoring the original designing intention and deepening the understanding of the concept.

▼天津图书馆，Tianjin Library ©山本理显设计工场

优秀的建筑，必须与社区保持密切的联系

An excellent architecture must maintain a closed connection with the community

山本理显认为：“优秀的建筑，必须与社区保持密切的联系”。不同于传统居住社区，他将社区定义为“共享同一空间”，而任何建筑，不管体量大小，都是存在于社区中。在项目中他持续不断地关注并激发更多人与人之间的联系，通过将公共交流活动纳入到空间中，使建筑融入社区并与社区紧密相连。

Riken Yamamoto believed that ‘good architecture must maintain a close connection with the community’. Different from traditional residential communities, he defined community as “sharing one space”, and any building should be existing in the community, no matter its size. Throughout the project, he continued to focus on more human connections and stimulate it, by incorporating public communication activities into the space, so that the building was integrated into the community and closely connected with the community.

▼山本理显手绘稿，Hand-painted manuscript of Riken Yamamoto©山本理显

天津图书馆的设计目标定位为“促进市民共享交流，激发探索知识的乐园”。为了将更多的公共活动纳入到建筑中，图书馆的功能按照不同程度公共性、开放性被重新布置。开放的、适合交流的大空间布置在低楼层，半封闭和封闭的研究类空间布置在周边或上层。自下至上逐渐由开放到封闭、由公共到私密，让开放的功能空间发挥更多的公共属性。图书馆因此能更加积极地融入社区，变成人们日常生活的一部分。在这里，知识的获取伴随更多交流产生，而交流则带来更多的知识共享。

The design goal of Tianjin Library was to “promote the sharing and exchange of citizens and stimulate the exploration of knowledge paradise”. In order to incorporate more public activities into the building, the functions of the library were rearranged according to different degrees of publicity and openness. Open, large spaces for communication were arranged on the lower floors, while semi-enclosed and closed research-oriented spaces were arranged around floors or the upper floors. From the bottom to up, the open space was gradually changed to the closed space, also the public spaces changed to the private space, so that the open functional space could play more public properties. Therefore, the library can be more actively integrated into the community and become a part of people’s daily life. Here, knowledge acquisition was accompanied by more communication, and communication lead to more knowledge sharing.

▼天津图书馆内部空间，Internal space of Tianjin Library ©战长恒

“阈”空间创造更多交流的可能性

The “Threshold” Space creates the possibility of more communication

在山本理显的设计中，公共和私密属性的空间界限往往被模糊化，并演变为一种新的空间-阈（threshold）。阈空间不仅属于空间的所有者，也属于整个社区，并为人们创造更多日常交流、见面的机会。

在天津图书馆，城市与建筑之间的界限首先被打破，皆因接到的空间体验被设计师引入建筑内部。图书馆南侧联系着城市道路及大片居住区，另一面联系着充满活力的文化中心湖面及广场。传统的图书馆大厅被一个像街道似的“阈”空间取代。它自南向北贯穿整个图书馆，两侧布置像社区阳台一样的阅览空间。人们在这条“街道”上可以驻足停留，自由穿梭去往湖边，也可以通过它去往高处层叠交错的阅览平台。

In Riken Yamamoto’s design, the spatial boundaries of public and private properties were often blurred and evolved into a new kind of space – threshold. The threshold space belongs not only to the owner of the space, but also to the whole community, and created more opportunities for people to communicate and meet each other on a daily lives.

In Tianjin Library, the boundary between the city and the building was first broken, and the space experience was introduced into the building by designers. The south side of the library connected the urban road and the large residential area, while the other side connected the lake and square of a vibrant cultural center. The traditional library hall was replaced by a “threshold” space which be like a street space. And the “threshold” space throughout the entire library from south to north, arranging reading spaces that looked like community balconies. People could stop on this “street” and walk freely through it to the lake, or through it to the overlapping reading platforms on the high ground.

▼天津图书馆的阈空间，The “Threshold” Space of Tianjin Library ©战长恒

▼天津图书馆的预览区域，The reading areas of Tianjin Library © 战长恒

图书馆内部功能之间的界限也被模糊化了。建筑内部的“街道”空间两侧，围绕着错落布置的阶梯状阅览区。这些凸出凹进、相互搭接的平台像社区中的庭院或阳台，属于不同阅览区域，如期刊、报纸、科技杂志，同时又属于整个阅览空间。水平和垂直的空间界限因此被打破，“阈”空间在不影响彼此使用独立的同时，让读者在视觉和心理上融为一体，从而激发更多的活力和交流。

The boundaries among the library’s internal functions were also blurred. Both sides of the “street” space in the building were surrounded by staggered stepped reading areas. These concave-convex platforms overlap each other like courtyards or balconies in the community, which belong to different reading areas, such as periodicals, newspapers, science and technology magazines, and also belong to the whole reading space. Therefore, horizontal and vertical spatial boundaries were broken, and “threshold” spaces allowed readers to be visually and psychologically integrated without compromising their independence from each other, inspiring more vitality and communication opportunities.

▼天津图书馆的阈空间，The “Threshold” Space of Tianjin Library ©刘国威

▼天津图书馆的预览区域，The reading areas of Tianjin Library © 刘国威

室内外空间的界限模糊与通透是山本理显作品的重要特点。他曾说：“在每一个作品中，我都运用了通透感，因为在建筑内外部之间建立联系非常重要”。天津图书馆采用了石材百叶和玻璃幕墙的双层表皮结构。百叶状石材让厚重、严肃的材料变得轻盈而通透，从而消除 102m 长宽×30m 高的巨大建筑体量带给环境的压迫感。白天，通透的玻璃和石材百叶将室外的环境积极引入到室内，同时有效避免太阳光线直接射入；到了夜晚，室内漫射出来的灯光将安静阅览和不断走动的影像渗透到室外。通透性的建筑立面让建筑内部的人感受到周边的环境，同时让外部的人对建筑空间有一种归属感。

The blurring and transparency of the boundaries between indoor and outdoor spaces was an important feature of Riken Yamamoto’s projects. He once said: “In every project, I used a sense of transparency, because it is important to create a connection between the interior and exterior of the building.” The Tianjin Library was used a double-skin structure of stone louvers and glass curtain walls. The louver stone maked the heavy, serious material into light and transparency, thus eliminating the sense of pressure brought by the huge building volume of 102 meters long, 102 meters long wide and 30 meters high. During the day, transparent glass and stone louvers actively introduced the outdoor environment into the interior, while effectively avoiding the direct entry of sun rays; At night, the light diffused from the interior penetrated the quiet reading image and moving image into the outdoor. The transparency facade allowed people inside the building feeling surroundings, while giving people outside a sense of belonging to the building space.

▼室内外空间的界限模糊与通透©刘国威

The blurring and transparency of the boundaries between indoor and outdoor spaces.

连续的景观空间也经常出现在山本理显的项目中，它将人工的建筑有机融入到周边的自然环境中。在天津图书馆，一个连续的、舒缓的草坡将城市与建筑，室内与室外，一层与二层用自然联系起来。人们可以通过这个自然的空间直接进入室内，也可以在草坡上停留、休息、交流。自然的“阈”将城市景观引入图书馆内部，同时为室内的读者与街道上的行人创造潜在的交流机会。

Continuous landscape spaces also frequently appeared in Riken Yamamoto’s projects, which integrated artificial buildings into the surrounding natural environment. In Tianjin Library, a continuous, soothing grassy slope connected the city with the building, and the interior with the exterior, also connected the first and second floors with nature. People could directly enter the interior through this natural space, and could also stay, rest and communicate on the grassy slope. The natural “threshold” introduced the urban landscape into the interior of the library, while creating potential communicate opportunities between indoor readers and pedestrians on the street.

▼连续的草坡连接城市与建筑，室内与室外，一层与二层 ©刘国威

A continuous grassy slope connected the city to the building, indoors to outdoors, and on the first and second floors.

集成化设计，设计师之间的“竞合游戏”

Integrated design, a “competition and cooperation game” among designers

山本理显的设计充满严谨的逻辑又不乏理性的浪漫。简洁的模数化空间往往作为背景，灵活、平等、中性地融入人们的日常生活中。天津图书馆巨大的建筑体在平面上被划分为 100 个 10.2*10.2m 的标准化模数空间。尽管如此，图书馆的内部空间并不单调乏味，通过不断打破这些标准化的空间框架并重新组合，呈现出封闭的房间、漂浮的墙体、开放的平台、悬挑的过梁等不同形式，通过互相叠合，错落布置形成像立体迷宫一样的空间，引导人们不断地探索其中。模数化空间在这里不仅没有强势地决定或约束人的行为，反而参与到人们的阅览、探索、交流活动中，激发更多人与人之间偶然、愉快的互动。

▼模数化空间分析图，modular space analytical graph

Riken Yamamoto’s design was full of rigorous logic and rational romance.Simple modular space were often used as the background, which were flexible, equal and neutral into people’s daily life. The huge building of Tianjin Library was divided into 100 modular spaces on the plane, and The size of each was 10.2*10.2m. Nevertheless, the inner space of the library was not monotonous for these standardized spatial frameworks were broken and recombined. They were designed in the form of closed rooms, floating walls, open platforms, overhanging lintels, etc., which were superimposed on each other and arranged to form a space like a three-dimensional maze that leads people to explore it continuously. The modular spaces not only haven’t a strong decision or constraint on people’s behaviors, but participated in people’s reading, exploration and communication activities, and stimulated more accidental and pleasant interactions among people.

▼模数化空间，modular space ©刘国威

为了实现这一令人振奋的建筑空间，天津图书馆平面共 121 个柱位中仅布置了 45 根通高结构柱，下层的空间被大量释放出来。通过 8 个核心筒支撑上部的空间桁架不断交错、搭接，形成上重下轻、上实下虚的反重力无柱空间。一种全新的结构形式因此诞生：钢框架支撑-空间桁架交错体系。这是山本理显设计工场和天津规划总院团队的首次合作，是一次公共建筑领域的空间体系创新，同样是两个设计团队之间的“竞合游戏”：共同一致的设计目标，催生设计师之间的良性合作；良好的合作激发彼此的技术竞技。天津图书馆从方案立意、空间推演、功能优化到结构创新，整个过程都遵循“竞合模式”下的集成化设计理念。正如天津图书馆中方项目负责人，天津规划总院总建筑师赵春水所说：集成化设计坚持的是整合所有参与设计师的理念和目标，用共同价值指导项目的实现。集成化设计是一种方法、一种合作、一种合力，是所有参与人员共同完成的“整体”事件。

In order to establish this exciting architectural space, only 45 overall height structural columns were arranged in the total 121 columns on the plane of Tianjin Library, and the lower space was greatly released. The upper space trusses supported by 8 core tubes, which were constantly staggered and lapped, forming an anti-gravity column-free space with heavy upper and light lower, solid upper and virtual lower. A new structural form was born: the staggered system of steel frame support and space truss. This was the first cooperation between Yamamoto & Field Shop Co.Ltd and Tianjin Urban Planning & Design Institute co.,LTD, and a space system innovation in the field of public building, also a “competition and cooperation game” between the project design team. Tianjin Library followed the integrated design concept under the mode of “competition and cooperation game” in the whole process from plan formulation, space deduction, function optimization to structural innovation. As Zhao Chunshui, the project leader of the Chinese side of Tianjin Library and the chief architect of Tianjin Urban Planning & Design Institute Co.,LTD, said: Integrated design insists on integrating the ideas and goals of all participating designers, and guiding the realization of the project with common values. Integrated design is a method, a kind of cooperation, a kind of force, and a “whole” event completed by all the participants.

▼模数化空间，modular space ©战长恒

天津文化中心图书馆于 2012 年建成后，在业界引起了很多关注。关注点集中在：结构体系与建筑空间的完美结合，即结构成就建筑之美；建筑空间与文化中心整体乃至城市街区相得益彰，即建筑空间延续城市空间等。时至今日，在山本理显先生获得普利兹克奖之后，他的“社会地域圈理论，社区与住宅共生的理论”才被重视，图书馆空间成为研究其理念的形成、演化、成熟的重要样本和现实案例。他的建筑理念通过图书馆的内部空间反映到现实中。

相信，山本理显先生获奖的意义远超出一般意义的文化现象，它是对坚守现代建筑理想，不禁锢于机械现代主义，坚信建筑能改变社会的一种鼓励和褒奖。投射出山本先生设计理想的天津图书馆会成为今后一段时间的话题。

After the Tianjin Library was completed in 2012, it attracted a lot of attention within the industry. The focus was on: the perfect combination of the structure system and the building space, which was the structure makes the beauty of the building; the other was the architectural space and the cultural center as a whole and even the city block complement each other, which was the architectural space continues the urban space.Until now, after Riken Yamamoto won the Pritzker Prize, his “theory of social geographical circle, the theory of symbiosis between community and housing” were paid attention to, and library space had become an important sample and practical case for studying the formation, evolution and maturity of his concept. His architectural ideas were reflected in reality through the inner space of the library.

It is believed that the significance of Mr. Riken Yamamoto’s award was far beyond the general cultural phenomenon. It was an encouragement and commendation for adhering to the ideal of modern architecture, not being confined to mechanical modernism, and believing that architecture can change society. Tianjin Library embodied Mr. Yamamoto’s ideal would be a topic for a period of time.

▼天津文化中心，Tianjin Cultural Center

▼各层平面图，Plans of each level

▼剖面图，sections

项目名称：天津图书馆

设计类别：文化建筑

用地而积：3.67hm²

总建筑面积：6.4 万㎡

项目地点：河西区，天津

具体地址：天津市河西区平江道 58 号

建筑设计：山本理显设计工场、天津市城市规划设计研究总院有限公司

主持建筑师：山本理显、赵春水

中方设计团队:

建筑专业：赵春水、王连顺、侯勇军、陆伟伟、张胜强、崔磊、董天杰、田垠、阳建华、潘福超

结构专业：韩宁、曹学军、祁阳

暖通专业：安志红、刘磊

电气专业：贺纯杰、金彪

排水专业：杨沛然、张昕

结构顾问：三江钢结构设计有限公司、天津大学

设备咨询：天津致通机电设计事务所

设计时间：2008

竣工时间：2012

摄影：战长恒、刘国威