公园城市生态价值转化的设计实践·兴隆湖湿地公园丨中国成都丨中国建筑西南设计研究院有限公司

中国建筑西南设计研究院有限公司：城市因水而兴，文明与水共生。天府新区，2014 年获批成为国家级新区，是岷江水系沿岸要地，承广都千年的文化传承，融长江万里的水韵，坐拥“一江三河”的自然水资源。兴隆湖作为天府新区鹿溪河流域的绿心，是四川省内最大的人工淡水湖库，也是天府大道上的重要景观节点。在这里，水系格局与城市格局相互塑造，形成了独一无二的城水关系。

2018 年 2 月 11 日，习近平总书记在兴隆湖畔首次提出了公园城市发展理念。兴隆湖一夜成为了明星湖泊，开始了全面建设践行“公园城市新发展理念”示范区的征程。

兴隆湖位于天府新区科学城核心区，是公园城市重要理念的首提地，是岷江流域的重要生态节点，是成渝地区双城经济圈建设中的绿色基础设施建设样板，是国家公园城市建设的重要展示窗口，具有丰富的时代内涵。

兴隆湖所在区域原本是鹿溪河流域的一处滞洪洼地，后依托鹿溪河河道壅水而成。原鹿溪河老河道蜿蜒穿越兴隆湖区，湖域面积约 3km²，水深 1.5~7.0m，库容 670 万 m³，是四川省内最大的人工淡水湖库，也是世界最长城市中轴线天府大道上的重要景观节点。

为应对湿地公园功能复合化的城市发展趋势，兴隆湖湿地公园修复从生态价值观、生态思维理念及生态规划方法上做出突破，借鉴了岷江流域都江堰治水生态智慧，融合生态学、生态工程学、湿地科学、湖泊水动力学等多学科理论及技术，形成了一系列创新生态修复工法，包括湖泊生态系统整体修复工法、林-水一体多维湿地重塑工法、多功能驳岸修复工法等。为长江生态大保护的城市湖库治理修复提供了天府智慧，打造了“水清、岸绿、业兴、人和”的公园城市样板，树立了公园城市生态价值转化的标杆。

China Southwest Architectural Design and Research Institute Corp. Ltd: Cities flourish with water, and civilization coexists with water. Tianfu New Area, which was approved as a state-level new area in 2014, is a significant location along the Minjiang River system, inheriting the cultural heritage of Guangdu for thousands of years, integrating the water charm of the Yangtze River, and possessing “one river and three lakes” natural water resources. As the green core of the Luxi River basin in Tianfu New District, Xinglong Lake is the largest artificial freshwater lake reservoir in Sichuan Province and a crucial landscape node on Tianfu Avenue. Here, the water system pattern and the urban pattern interact with each other, creating a distinctive urban water relationship.

On February 11, 2018, the General Secretary put forward the concept of park city development for the first time in Xinglong Lake. Xinglong Lake became a star lake overnight, and began the journey of comprehensively building and practicing the “new development concept of Park City” demonstration area.

Located in the core area of Science City in Tianfu New District, Xinglong Lake is the first place to put forward the important concept of park city, an important ecological node of Minjiang River basin, a model of green infrastructure construction in the construction of Shuangcheng economic circle in Chengdu-Chongqing area, and an important display window for the construction of national park city, with rich connotations of The Times.

The area where Xinglong Lake is located was originally a flood-holding depression in the Luxi River basin, and it was formed by the backwater of the Luxi River. The old channel of the former Luxi River winds through Xinglong Lake area. The lake area is about 3 km2, the water depth is 1.5~7.0 m, and the storage capacity is 6.7 million m3. It is the largest artificial fresh water lake reservoir in Sichuan Province, and it is also an important landscape node on Tianfu Avenue, the longest urban axis in the world.

In response to the urban development trend of the wetland park’s functional compound, the restoration of Xinglong Lake Wetland Park has made breakthroughs in ecological values, ecological thinking concepts and ecological planning methods. It has learned from the ecological wisdom of Dujiangyan water control in the Minjiang River Basin and integrated multi-disciplinary theories and technologies such as ecology, ecological engineering, wetland science and lake hydrodynamics to form a series of innovative ecological restoration methods. It includes the overall restoration method of lake ecosystem, the multi-dimensional reconstruction method of forest-water integrated wetland, and the multi-functional revegetation method. It provides the wisdom of heaven for the management and restoration of the urban lake and reservoir for the ecological protection of the Yangtze River, creates a park city model of “clear water, green bank, industrial prosperity, and people”, and sets a benchmark for the transformation of the ecological value of the park city.

2 设计要点 Design essentials

2.1 建立基于自然的生态建设创新修复方法：

1）尊重自然，建立全鹿溪河流域的广域城市海绵体。

兴隆湖地处成都平原东南边缘，属鹿溪河流域，鹿溪河是典型的山溪性河流，由龙泉山脉流域降水汇集而成。流域内季风气候明显，四季分明、雨热丰富，多年平均降水量 976mm，多集中在夏秋两季，降水及径流在时间上分布不均，径流主要集中在 6-9 月，年际变化较大。这导致兴隆湖枯水期生态用水需求大，雨季防洪压力大，泥沙淤积问题明显。

为改善补水的不稳定性，充分利用水资源，形成水资源和水生态的良性循环，设计提出了控制性的“河湖分离”措施，通过筑坝蓄水强化区域海绵作用，使兴隆湖成为天府新区水脉系统与湿地网络的动态转换主体及调控中心。

2.1 Establish innovative restoration methods for ecological construction based on nature

1）Respect nature, establish the whole Luxi river basin of the wide area of the city spongy body. Xinglong Lake is located in the southeastern edge of Chengdu Plain, which belongs to the Luxi River basin. Luxi River is a typical mountain stream, which is formed by the precipitation of Longquan Mountain basin. The monsoon climate in the basin is obvious, with four distinct seasons, abundant rain and heat, and annual average precipitation of 976mm, mostly concentrated in summer and autumn. Precipitation and runoff are unevenly distributed in time, and runoff is mainly concentrated from June to September, with great inter-annual variation. As a result, the ecological water demand of Xinglong Lake is large in dry season, the flood control pressure is great in rainy season, and the sedimentation problem is obvious. In order to improve the instability of water replenishment, make full use of water resources, and form a virtuous cycle of water resources and water ecology, the design puts forward a controlled measure of “river and lake separation”, and strengthens the regional sponge effect by damming water storage, so that Xinglong Lake becomes the dynamic conversion subject and control center of the water vein system and wetland network in Tianfu New District.

▽流域空间格局图 Basin spatial pattern

2）学习自然，传承都江堰古人的智慧生态修复策略。

古往今来，一切水利工程的本质都是控制和调度水沙，有相当一部分水利工程是因为对泥沙问题处理不当而失效，使工程最终毁于泥沙淤积。而我国著名的都江堰工程长盛不衰的重要原因，便是它有效处理了泥沙问题。

设计深入研究了都江堰水利工程在分流引水方面的智慧，巧用自然之力，秉承“乘势利导、因时制宜”的原则，结合水动力模型计算结果，保留并拓宽原老河道，在水下构建出分水排沙的“鱼嘴”，作为区间雨水排涝沉沙的快速通道。湖区整体水下地形呈 Y 型，主河槽深 7~10m，由内向两侧逐渐变浅至 1m。这项措施使主河槽的水体流速高于两侧湖区，有利于浅水区构建水生态系统，实现极端暴雨环境下的快速控沙、畅流，稳定提升水质以及减少湖区淤积，有效实现了河湖水体的良性交换。

2) Learn from nature and inherit the wisdom ecological restoration strategy of ancient people in Dujiangyan.

Since ancient times, the essence of all water conservancy projects is to control and dispatch water and sand, and a considerable part of water conservancy projects fail because of improper handling of sediment problems, so that the project is eventually destroyed by sediment deposition. The important reason why the famous Dujiangyan project in our country has been prosperous for a long time is that it effectively deals with the sediment problem.

The designer deeply studied the wisdom of Dujiangyan water project in diverting water, skillfully used the force of nature, adhering to the principle of “taking advantage of the situation and guiding according to the time”, combined with the calculation results of the hydrodynamic model, retained and widened the original old river, and constructed a “fish mouth” of diverting water and discharging sand under the water, as a fast channel for rainwater drainage and sediment deposition in the interval. The overall underwater topography of the lake is Y-shaped, and the depth of the main channel is 7-10 m, which gradually becomes shallower to 1 m from both sides. This measure makes the water flow rate of the main river channel higher than that of the lake on both sides, which is conducive to the construction of water ecosystem in the shallow water area, realizing rapid sand control and smooth flow under extreme rainstorm environment, stably improving water quality and reducing siltation in the lake area, and effectively realizing the benign exchange of river and lake water.

▽ Y 型导流槽空间示意 Y-shaped flow channel space schematic

▽林-水一体 Forest-water integration

▽湖畔花甸 Lakeside flower garden

3）利用自然，开拓多维立体碳汇系统的重要试验地。遵循水体—岸带—陆地垂直生态梯度空间的变化规律，依托水下森林、滩岛及近自然森林群落等空间构建立体碳汇系统。水下森林的构建除了净化水质、形成宜生的水下生态空间外，还发挥着明显的减源增汇作用，是水中的固碳单元，加上近岸区域的混合草本、挺水植物和耐水淹乔木，以及 95%以上本土树种打造的岸上的生态空间，共同形成健康的立体生态系统。提升后的湖区水质达到地表水 III 类标准，绿地覆盖率达 82%，形成了有序而完整的生态碳汇格局。

3) Utilizing nature, it is an important experimental site to develop a multi-dimensional carbon sink system. The three-dimensional carbon sink system was constructed based on underwater forest, beach island and near-natural forest community, following the spatial variation law of water-shore zone and land vertical ecological gradient space. In addition to purifying water quality and forming a suitable underwater ecological space, the construction of underwater forest also plays an obvious role in reducing sources and increasing sinks, and is a carbon sequestration unit in water. Together with the mixed herbs, water-emerging plants and water-insoluble trees in the nearshore area, and the ecological space on shore created by more than 95% of native tree species, a healthy three-dimensional ecosystem is formed. After the improvement, the water quality of the lake reaches the surface water Class III standard, and the green space coverage rate reaches 82%, forming an orderly and complete ecological carbon sink pattern.

▽工作路径图 Working path diagram

▽兴隆湖林-水格局的演变 Evolution of forest-water pattern

▽近自然群落 Subnatural community

▽兴隆长滩 Xinglong Beach

4）恢复自然，树立城市生物多样性保护的重要典范。

通过取土和覆土回填来资源化利用湖区底泥，模拟自然塑造了 11 种水深梯度，重构了浅滩与深潭地形。湖泊水下高程梯度的形成，保证了湖泊冷、暖水团的物理交换，增强了水体的物理自净能力，为水下生境营造提供了优越的环境。同时，在湖心岛和南山建立的生态保育区，通过丰富的本土植物群落搭配为鸟类为主的陆生动物的多样性创造了复合栖息地。兴隆湖的可观测鸟类数量较修复前提升了 36%，连通了川西鸟类迁徙的重要城市栖息廊道。

4）Restoring nature and setting an important example of urban biodiversity conservation.

By collecting soil and backfilling with soil, 11 kinds of water depth gradients were simulated, and the topography of shallow and deep pools were reconstructed. The formation of underwater elevation gradient of lake ensures the physical exchange of cold and warm water mass, enhances the physical self-purification ability of water body, and provides a superior environment for underwater habitat construction. At the same time, the ecological conservation areas established on the central island of the lake and Nanshan create complex habitats for the diversity of land animals, mainly birds, through the combination of rich native plant communities. The number of observable birds in Xinglong Lake increased by 36% compared with that before restoration, connecting the important urban habitat corridor for bird migration in western Sichuan.

▽水生态系统图 Water ecosystem

▽水下森林 submerged forest

▽观鸟平台 Bird-watching platform

▽鸟类栖息地 Bird habitat

▽百鸟迁徙 Bird migration

2.2 打开公园城市生态价值转化的重要窗口

1）完善绿色服务功能，树立未来社区典范。兴隆湖重新自然化的阶段，立足于生态保护，着眼于人文关怀，以兴隆湖为核心，营造休闲亲水环境，配置多项水上活动设施，让群众亲近自然，快乐运动。新建儿童艺术中心、路演中心、湖畔书店、水上活动俱乐部等，沿湖新增综合型驿站，完善现有公服配套设施，汇聚时尚消费、对外交往、科技发布、亲子休闲等功能。同时投入低碳普惠设施，精准化匹配民众需求，让湖居生活再次升级，积极创造未来社区的生活新场景。

2.2 Open an important window for the transformation of urban ecological value of parks

1）Improve the green service function and establish a model of future community. Xinglong Lake re-naturalization stage, based on ecological protection, focus on humanistic care, with Xinglong Lake as the core, to create a recreational hydrophilic environment, equipped with a number of water activities facilities, let the masses close to nature, happy sports. New children’s art center, road show center, lakeside bookstore, water sports club, etc., new comprehensive stage along the lake, improve the existing public clothing supporting facilities, gather fashion consumption, foreign exchanges, science and technology release, parent-child leisure and other functions. At the same time, low-carbon inclusive facilities are invested to accurately match the needs of the people, so that the life of the lake residents is upgraded again, and new scenes of life in the future community are actively created.

▽滨湖路演共享空间 Lake Road Show shared space

▽湖岸露营地 Lake Shore campground

2）激发绿色扩散效应，打响公园城市名片。兴隆湖打造了长 2.6km 的国际赛艇赛道，规划了 18.3km 的水上游览航线，拥有 50 万 m²的水上活动区域，建设国家级水上运动训练及赛事基地，以帆船、赛艇、皮划艇等水上项目为引领，同时设置可承办高规格国际级专业比赛的极限运动场地，作为国家和省市级队伍的训练中心，长期开展青少年和专业运动员培训，培养本土高素质人才。环湖 8.8km 的专业跑道通过色彩及材质来区分专业跑步道和慢行道，专业跑步道使用蓝色三元乙丙橡胶（Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer, EPDM）面层材料，临湖慢行步道使用深灰色透水露骨料面层材料，为市民日常健身及马拉松赛事等提供场地。

2）Stimulate the green diffusion effect, and start the business card of park city. Xinglong Lake has built a 2.6km international rowing track, planned a 18.3km water tour route, and has 500,000 m2 water activities area. It has built a national water sports training and event base, guided by sailing, rowing, kayaking and other water events, and set up an extreme sports venue that can host high-level international professional competitions. As a training center for national, provincial and municipal teams, it has long carried out training for young and professional athletes to cultivate local high-quality talents. The 8.8 km professional running track around the lake uses Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) as a surface material for the professional running track and ethylene propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) as a surface material for the slow walking track near the lake, to provide venues for daily fitness and marathon events.

▽极限运动场地中的波浪泵道 A wave pump at an extreme sports venue

▽滨湖篮球场 Lake Binhu basketball Court

3）维持绿色引擎作用，孵化创新科技产业。兴隆湖湿地公园以公园为导向带动科学城发展。成都科学城通过建设实验室、布局“大装置”、集聚国家队、拓展高校圈、打造人才港、发展新经济等举措，培养、吸引国家级重大功能和高端科技人才；通过打造高品质科创空间，为科技创新人才营造优质办公环境，为天府新区争创综合性国家科学中心、打造数字经济核心承载区提供强有力支撑。

3）Maintain the role of green engine and incubate innovative technology industry. Xinglong Lake Wetland Park drives the development of Science city with the guidance of the park. Chengdu Science City through the construction of laboratories, layout of “large equipment”, gathering the national team, expanding the university circle, creating a talent port, the development of new economy and other measures, training and attracting national major functions and high-end scientific and technological talents. By creating high-quality science and innovation space, we will create a high-quality office environment for scientific and technological innovation talents, and provide strong support for Tianfu New District to strive for a comprehensive national science center and build a core carrying area of the digital economy.

▽青少年桨板休闲赛 Youth paddleboarding

3 结语 Conclusion

兴隆湖作为公园城市理论的首提地，是新发展理念的重要载体，是从首提地到示范区的标志性项目，具有里程碑的意义。从生态到产业、从产业到生活，得益于诸多科学治理手段同向发力，蜕变后的兴隆湖不仅成为集防洪、生态、景观等多重功能于一身的“天府绿心”，还为地区的新消费、新生活、新经济注入了不竭的活力，绘制出一幅幅“人、城、境、业”和谐共融的动人生活场景。产业集聚、鸟唱蛙鸣、湖光山色相映成趣的兴隆湖湿地公园，昭示着我们正阔步迈向公园城市发展的新时期。

Xinglong Lake, as the first site of the park city theory, is an important carrier of the new development concept. It is a landmark project from the first site to the demonstration zone and has milestone significance. From ecology to industry, from industry to life, thanks to the same efforts of many scientific management means, the transformed Xinglong Lake has not only become a “Tianfu green heart” integrating multiple functions such as flood control, ecology and landscape, but also injected inexhaustible vitality into the new consumption, new life and new economy of the region, drawing a moving life scene of harmonious integration of “people, city, environment and industry”. Xinglong Lake Wetland Park, with industrial clusters, birds singing and frogs singing, shows that we are stepping into a new era of park city development.

项目地点：四川成都天府新区

设计时间：2020 年 3 月-2021 年 10 月

竣工时间：2021 年 10 月

业主单位：成都天府新区投资集团有限公司

设计单位：中国建筑西南设计研究院有限公司、南京中科水治理股份有限公司

项目面积：572.6 万 m²

项目团队：程锐、陈宏宇、宋宁宁、龙瑶、张晓翔、罗傢一、黄振华、唐勇、冯大力、钟鹏、宁云、沈翰、张翔昱、王靖宇、苟坤、贺思颖、何夏阳、张俊、唐靖博

Project location: Tianfu New Area, Chengdu, Sichuan

Design time: March 2020 - October 2021

Completion time: October 2021

Owner: Chengdu Tianfu New Area Investment Group Co., Ltd

Design units: China Southwest Architectural Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., NanjingZhongkeWaterEnvironment EngineeringCo.,Ltd.

Project area: 5.726 million square meters

Project team: Cheng Rui, Chen Hongyu, Song Ningning, Long Yao, Zhang Xiaoxiang, Luo Jiayi, Huang Zhenhua, Tang Yong, Feng Dali, Zhong Peng, Ning Yun, Shen Han, Zhang Xiangyu, Wang Jingyu, Gou Kun, He Siying, He Xiayang, Zhang Jun, Tang Jingbo

自然生态与城市生活融合呼应的设计实践。