墙之间的家丨中国西安丨耕井伫建筑工作室（西建大）

2024/08/26 14:00:43

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低层高密度环境下的返乡住宅

House of returning to the countryside in low-density environments

伴随乡村问题的全球化探讨，以及城市化浪潮所带来的各种问题日益涌现，越来越多的城里人开始思考重新返回乡村居住和生活的可能性。该项目的业主就是其中之一，他选择回到自己的祖宅——白鹿原下，灞河以北的关中平原高密度村落里的一块 12mx20m 的宅基地上建造自己在农村的新家。

With the globalization of rural issues and the increasing emergence of various problems brought about by urbanization, more and more urbanites are beginning to consider the possibility of returning to rural living and livelihood. The owner of the project is one of them, who chose to return to his ancestral home – under the White Deer Plain, on a 12mx20m homestead in a high-density village on the Guanzhong Plain north of the Bahe River, to build his new home in the countryside.

▼西北角街景透视，perspective of street view in the northwest corner © 孔锦权

用地西北侧的十字路口是村上相对热闹的场所，晒太阳的老年人、乘凉的打工人、嬉戏的孩童少年，在不同时段的嘈杂人群和用地西侧村道上的过往车辆影响了用地的私密性。用地东侧另一户宅基地上已建的二层小楼阻挡了来自东侧的光线及可能得景观视线。值得欣慰的是用地南侧的条件：东南侧废弃院落里高耸的老槐树、正南侧废弃的老宅瓦屋面、远眺可望的白鹿原共同构成了南侧多层次的景观。第一次去到场地是在冬天，却可以想象在院子里借用隔壁枝繁叶茂的槐树乘凉的美景，以及站在建筑二三层，隔着老宅屋面上斑驳的瓦片，远望欣赏秦岭山景的画面。

▼项目模型© 胡祎航

The intersection on the northwest side of the land is a relatively lively place in the village, where elderly people basking in the sun, migrant workers seeking shade, and children and teenagers playing. The noisy crowds at different times and passing vehicles on the village road on the west side of the land affect the privacy of the land. The two-story small building already built on another residential land on the east side of the land blocks the light and possible landscape views from the east side. It is gratifying to see the conditions on the south side of the land: the towering old locust trees in the abandoned courtyard on the southeast side, the abandoned tile roof of the old house on the south side, and the distant view of the White Deer Plain together form a multi-level landscape on the south side. The first time I went to the site was in winter, but I could imagine the beautiful scenery of borrowing the lush locust tree next door to cool off in the yard, as well as standing on the second and third floors of the building, appreciating the Qinling Mountains from across the mottled tiles on the roof of the old house.

▼西南角街景透视，perspective of street view in the northeast corner © 孔锦权

业主提出住宅至少拥有五间卧室，以满足自己居住及接待亲友的功能。同时，客厅、餐厨、茶室、书房、瑜伽空间等基本功能也不可或缺。核算下来，与之功能相对应的面积大概需要 300 平米左右。如何在周边村落环境条件不太好的情况下，解决居住的空间品质问题，满足归乡的精神诉求，同时让建筑融入村落，是项目需要面对的现实问题。

The owner proposed that the residence should have at least five bedrooms to meet their living and reception needs for family and friends. At the same time, basic functions such as living room, kitchen, tea room, study room, and yoga space are also indispensable. After calculation, the area corresponding to its function is approximately 300 square meters. How to solve the problem of living space quality in surrounding villages with poor environmental conditions, meet the spiritual demands of returning home, and integrate buildings into the village is a practical issue that the project needs to face.

▼入口空间，entrance © 罗俊明

“挤”在一起的房间群与四角的院落

A group of room and courtyards at the four corners

外部环境的消极导致了空间的内聚与收缩，必须要在用地内部自己创造品质。相比于用地周边大部分农村盖房子的方式——几个拥有若干房间的独立建筑围绕一个大庭院布置的做法，我们采取了另一种——让房间集中在中间，而把院落散落在四周的做法。一方面，能够让原本独立的功能空间相互之间产生关系，从而形成房间群的空间体验；另一方面，角部的房间都可以获得拥有独立庭院的机会，院落也可以为室内提供所需的光线和自然。东北侧的院子作为入口，西北及西南侧的院子在主干道与住宅房间之间创造缓冲的区域，南侧的院子则处理建筑与隔壁老槐树之间的关系——退让与借用。内部较为私密的房间都面向四周的院落，接下来需要的只是一个有趣的公共空间群将其组织在一起。

▼阶梯状的空间，the stepped space © 耕井伫建筑工作室（西建大）

The negativity of the external environment leads to the cohesion and contraction of space, and it is necessary to create space quality within the land itself. Compared to the method of building houses in most rural areas around the land, where several independent buildings with several rooms are arranged around a large courtyard, we have adopted another approach – concentrating the rooms in the middle and scattering the courtyard around. On the one hand, it can create relationships between originally independent functional spaces, thereby forming a spatial experience of room clusters; On the other hand, rooms in the corners can have the opportunity to have independent courtyards, which can also provide the necessary light and nature for the interior. The courtyard on the northeast side serves as the entrance, while the courtyards on the northwest and southwest sides create buffer zones between the main road and residential rooms. The courtyard on the south side handles the relationship between the building and the neighboring old locust tree – retreat and borrowing. The more private rooms inside all face the surrounding courtyards, and all that is needed next is an interesting group of public spaces to organize them together.

▼大院子，the main courtyard © 孔锦权

▼大院子的檐下空间，the space under the eaves of main courtyard © 孔锦权

▼客厅与大院子，living room and main courtyard© 孔锦权

四道厚墙的延伸与水平向流动空间的产生

The extension of four thick walls and the generation of horizontal flowing space

如何通过设计的方法产生一个有趣的公共空间群，是推动方案思考的核心。首先在建筑首层设置了连续和流动的客厅、餐厅、厨房、茶室空间。我们用四道风车状布局的“厚墙”对空间进行划分和组织。这四道厚墙不仅将几个功能的边界进行模糊，形成流动的空间态势，而且墙体从室内贯穿到室外，向不同方向延伸出去，连接尽端的四个院子，塑造人的视线能够穿过室内空间看到室外庭院的通透氛围。大院子-客厅、边院-茶室、西北院子-老人房、入口院-餐厅等关系一一对应，这正是四道“厚墙”从室内延伸到室外所引发的空间结果。每一个位于尽头的空间都收获了院落的空间品质，有些空间还同时收获两个院子的空间品质，比如茶室——坐在茶室里喝茶时可以同时感知边院中野趣的杂木与大院中树下斑驳的光影。平行于墙体的视线和垂直于墙体穿过洞口的视线，给住宅增添了丰富的景深和惊喜的空间体验。同时这四道厚墙的红砖砌体包裹着钢筋混凝土承重结构、家具与设备，成为了主要空间群的服务空间。

▼墙之间的空间轴测图，axonometric drawing © 耕井伫建筑工作室（西建大）

How to generate an interesting public space group through design methods is the core of conceptual thinking. Firstly, connecting and flowing living room, dining room, kitchen, and tea room spaces on the first floor of the building. We divide and organize the space using a “thick wall” layout resembling four windmills. These four thick walls not only blur the boundaries of several functions, forming a flowing spatial situation, but also extend from indoors to outdoors in different directions, connecting the four courtyards at the end, shaping a transparent atmosphere where people can see the outdoor courtyard through the indoor space. The relationships between the large courtyard and living room, the side courtyard and tea room, the northwest courtyard and elderly room, and the entrance courtyard and dining room correspond one-to-one, which is precisely the spatial result caused by the four “thick walls” extending from indoors to outdoors. Every space located at the end gains the spatial quality of the courtyard, and some spaces also gain the spatial quality of two courtyards at the same time, such as the tea room – sitting in the tea room and drinking tea can simultaneously perceive the wild miscellaneous trees in the side courtyard and the mottled light and shadow under the trees in the courtyard. The line of sight parallel to the wall and the line of sight perpendicular to the wall passing through the opening add rich depth of field and surprising spatial experience to the residence. At the same time, these four thick red brick masonry walls are wrapped around reinforced concrete load-bearing structures, furniture, and equipment, becoming the service space of the main spatial group.

▼被墙划分的空间与两个院子，the space divided by the walls and two courtyards © 孔锦权

▼客厅中来自南向的光线，the light from the south in the living room © 孔锦权

▼从檐下空间望向客厅，looking towards the living room from the space under the eaves © 李少翀

垂直向阶梯状剖面与自然及庭院

Vertical staircase section and nature and courtyard

除了水平方向上空间的联系与贯通，垂直方向的剖面也非常重要。由于宅基地对布局的限制，位于内部的客厅需要更多采光并充分建立与其余空间的联系。所以我们通过一个阶梯状的剖面，将二层休闲空间、客厅、檐下空间与大院子在垂直方向联系在一起，创造出一个特别的精神性场所。大量光线从二层休闲空间的顶部洒下，均匀的漫反射在通高的客厅之中，保证了其北向的采光。与二层相连的尺度关系，进一步加强了这一部分空间所特有的氛围。

▼剖轴测图，sectional axonometric drawing © 耕井伫建筑工作室（西建大）

In addition to the spatial connection and connectivity in the horizontal direction, the vertical direction-section is also very important. Due to the layout restrictions of the homestead, the living room located inside requires more lighting and sufficient connection with the rest of the space. So we connected the second floor leisure space, living room, eaves space, and large courtyard vertically through a stepped section, creating a spiritual place. A large amount of light falls from the top of the second floor leisure space, evenly diffusing and reflecting in the high living room, ensuring its north facing lighting. The scale relationship connected to the second floor further enhances the unique atmosphere of this part of the space.

▼墙之间的入口与庭院，entrance and courtyard between walls© 孔锦权

▼餐厅与入口院子，dining room and entrance courtyard © 罗俊明

来自南侧大院子的光线则通过被压低的檐下照进客厅，保证客厅底层的南向采光。2400mm 的空间高度让大空间旁的檐下空间显得更低，使人在檐下的活动有一种被包裹的稳定感。推拉折叠门在温度合宜的季节可以完全打开，让室外庭院的自然景色映入客厅。同时，通过老槐树枝叶覆盖的庭院吹进来的穿堂风，让室内在夏季显得格外凉爽。在有限的宅基地条件之下，我们通过一系列的空间关系，试图创造一种更加亲近自然的乡村生活方式。

The light from the south courtyard shines into the living room through the lowered eaves, ensuring south facing lighting on the bottom floor of the living room. The 2400mm space height makes the eaves space next to the large space seem lower, giving people a sense of stability wrapped around their activities under the eaves. The sliding folding door can be fully opened in seasons with suitable temperatures, allowing the natural scenery of the outdoor courtyard to flow into the living room. At the same time, the through air blowing in through the courtyard covered with branches and leaves of the old locust tree makes the interior appear particularly cool in summer. Under the limited conditions of homestead land, we attempt to create a rural lifestyle that is closer to nature through a series of spatial relationships.

▼檐下空间与大院子，the space under the eaves and large courtyard © 李少翀

结构的显现与隐匿 Appearance and Hide of structure

建筑中的大部分混凝土框架结构被隐藏在后砌的红砖砌体厚墙之中，除了几颗柱子比较特殊。客厅旁檐下的独立柱子，既划分了水平空间，在客厅中限定了几个大小的空间领域，又在剖面上强调了高低空间的边界。其他两颗位于厚墙之中的柱子暴露出来，目的是在局部小范围影响空间氛围。这几颗暴露的结构柱在承担着空间作用的同时，也暗示着建筑的真正结构体系。

Most of the concrete frame structures in the building are hidden within thick red brick masonry walls, except for a few unique columns. The independent columns under the eaves of the living room not only divide the horizontal space and limit several spatial areas of different sizes in the living room, but also emphasize the boundaries of high and low spaces in the section. The other two columns located within the thick wall are exposed, with the aim of affecting the spatial atmosphere in a small area. These exposed structural columns not only play a spatial role, but also imply the true structural system of the building.

▼茶室，teahouse © 孔锦权

▼从茶室透过厚墙望向大院子，looking at the courtyard from the teahouse through the thick wall ©孔锦权

材料和构造 Materials and Details

四道厚墙的材质为砖肌理，涂刷褐色涂料，目的是与其他墙面的白色涂料形成鲜明对比，让人在建筑的每个部分都能感受到墙对于空间的影响。砖墙从一个空间延伸到另一个空间，从室内延伸到室外，让人不断地感知空间的流动与延续。

The material of the four thick walls is brick texture, coated with brown paint, with the aim of creating a sharp contrast with the white paint on other walls, allowing people to feel the impact of the walls on the space in every part of the building. Brick walls extend from one space to another, from indoors to outdoors, allowing people to constantly perceive the flow and continuity of space.

▼客厅与二层休闲空间，Living room and leisure room on the 2nd floor © 李少翀

▼从二层休闲空间望向客厅，Looking to the living room from the leisure room on the 2nd floor© 孔锦权

▼二层休闲空间与客厅，leisure room and living room on the 2nd floor ©孔锦权

▼书房，study room © 李少翀

▼交通核光筒，traffic light tube © 孔锦权

▼楼梯与光筒，Stairs and light tube©孔锦权

返乡住宅的在地适应性

Local adaptability of house of returning to the countryside

相比气候炎热的地区住宅设计需主要面对的通风问题，关中地区的乡村住宅在设计时更多考虑的是保温问题。这种气候环境下建造的建筑，往往给人一种有别于“轻盈”的厚重感。本次设计试图在保证其外部厚重特征的基础上，去创造内部空间和院落连续、通透、流动的空间关系。通过几道“厚砖墙”的建造，制造既分隔又联通的空间，从而营造与“返乡”生活需求对应的空间体验与品质。通过这样“在地”的方式，回应目前社会热议的乡村居住可能性问题，为当代语境下乡村居住的空间模式提供一种新可能。

Compared to the ventilation issues that residential design in hot climate areas mainly faces, rural housing in the Guanzhong region focuses more on insulation during design. Buildings built in this climate environment often give people a sense of heaviness that is different from “lightness”. This design attempts to create a continuous, transparent, and flowing spatial relationship between the internal space and the courtyard while ensuring its external heavy features. By constructing several “thick brick walls”, a space that is both separated and connected is created, thereby creating a spatial experience and quality that corresponds to the needs of “returning home” living. Responding to the current social hot issue of the possibility of rural housing through this’ local ‘approach, new possibility is provided for the spatial mode of rural housing in the contemporary context.

▼走廊空间，corridor©孔锦权