Mladinska knjiga 印刷厂改造丨斯洛文尼亚丨OFIS arhitekti

在1960年代，斯洛文尼亚现代主义建筑师Savin Sever设计了Mladinska knjiga印刷厂。这是当时最大也是最现代的几座印刷厂之一，模块化的重复的混凝土构造是其重要的建筑表达。显眼的混凝土结构作为一个富有诗意的建筑元素，是战后现代主义时期的代表性特征。Edvard Ravnikar是Plečnik最重要的学生之一，他是这一时期斯洛文尼亚建筑界的关键人物。他在和柯布西耶的合作中深受其影响。Ravnikar研究出其自身的建筑哲学，不仅基于传统，还以一种现代主义的方式推进它，这种方式成为斯洛文尼亚战后一代建筑师的标志。Savin Sever是卢布尔雅那建筑学院最主要的代表人物之一。

In the 1960s, the Slovenian modernist architect Savin Sever designed the Mladinska knjiga printing house. It was one of the largest and most modern printing houses of its time, the modular, repetitive concrete construction representing its key architectural expression. The visible concrete structure, a poetic architectural element, was a characteristic feature of the post-war modernist period. Edvard Ravnikar, one of Plečnik’s most important pupils, was the key figure during this period in Slovenian architecture. He was also strongly influenced by his collaboration in Le Corbusier’s studio. Ravnikar developed his own architectural poetics, both drawing on tradition and advancing it with a modernist approach that became the mark of Slovenia’s post-war generation of architects. Savin Sever is one of the most prominent representatives of this so-called Ljubljana school of architecture.

▼项目概览，overview of the project ©Janez Martincic

▼项目外观，exterior of the project ©Janez Martincic

▼项目外观，exterior of the project ©Janez Martincic

原先的印刷厂在21世纪初期进行了现代化改造，当时的管理者引进了当时前沿的机器，但很遗憾的是，它们并没有长期处于领先地位。印刷行业不断变化的环境，新数字技术的发展，对于传统印刷厂产生了致命影响。这座古老的印刷厂不久就关门停产了，大多数机器都被售卖，巨大的建筑结构也空置多年。不久一些具有创造性的企业家在这里找到了栖身之地，一个独特的项目开始在这里引起新的关注。

▼历史照片，historic photo ©OFIS arhitekti

The old printing house was modernized at the beginning of the twenty-first century and the management at the time implemented state-of-the-art machines, but unfortunately they were not state-of-the-art for long. The changed context of the printing industry, a result of new digital technologies, would prove to be fatal for the traditional printing house. The old printing house soon shut its doors, most of the machinery sold off, and the large structure remained empty for several years. Then several creative enterprises found a home within the building and a unique program began to generate new interest in the location.

▼改造后室内空间，indoor space after renovation ©Janez Martincic

▼改造后活动空间，activity space after renovation ©Janez Martincic

新业主决定在2022年进行翻新。原先的结构受到保护，无论任何情况下，作为Sever杰出建筑理念的有趣表达，拆除它都是难以想象的。原结构是为重型机器设计的，因而不需要额外的加固，就可以适应多种现代应用的需求。最大的挑战在于建筑的保温隔热。如何保证在相反逻辑下建立的建筑可以适应现代的气候条件？单薄的结构充满热桥效应，原本是用来消除印刷机产生的多余热量的。现在设计原则反转过来。可见的混凝土结构需要保护并加建新的保温层。建筑师通过建筑内保温和加建的天窗解决了这一挑战。外墙的翻新是根据Sever的原计划进行的，而这些计划在大楼建成时并没有实现。Sever原本想要用水泥面板但最终因太过昂贵而放弃，因而立面选用了组合砖。Sever最初的想法为大楼的技术升级提供了方案。

The new owner decided to refurbish it in 2022. The existing construction was protected, and, in any case, was so interesting as an expression of Sever’s exceptional architectural approach, that it would have been inconceivable to demolish it. The structure had been dimensioned for heavy machinery, and therefore a wide variety of modern applications could be considered without additional reinforcements. The biggest challenge was presented by the thermal insulation of the building. How to ensure modern climatic conditions in a building that was built with the reverse logic? The thin structure, full of thermal bridges, had originally served to remove excess heat generated by the printing presses. Now the principle had to be reversed. The visible concrete structures needed preserved and a new thermal insulation envelope added. The architects addressed this challenge with thermal insulation inside the building and additional glazing, which allowed the original glass prisms on the roof to remain intact. Glass prisms placed between the concrete elements provide natural light throughout the depth of the building. The renovation of the façade was based on Sever’s original plans that were not realized when the building was erected. He had wanted cement panels but they were too expensive, and so the façade was instead made with modular bricks. Reinstating Sever’s original idea provided a solution for the technical upgrade of the building.

▼选用水泥面板，using cement panel ©Janez Martincic

▼加建的天窗，additional skylight ©Janez Martincic

对建筑原结构的唯一重大改动是重建的新入口。原本印刷厂的工人是通过办公翼的更衣室进入厂内。但这并不符合改造后的建筑功能。于是在南侧引入新的象征性的入口。露天剧场般的台阶在建筑内创造了一个都市广场，作为一个会面点，欢迎人们的到来。这也提供了一个供表演活动的舞台。这里包括原建筑中印刷机器的零部件，从而展示并保留了其昔日的记忆。

The only significant change to the original structure of the building was a new entrance. Originally, the workers of the printing house entered the building through the dressing rooms in the office wing. This was not suitable for the purposes of the renovated building. A new monumental entrance was introduced on the south side. The amphitheatrical staircase creates a sort of urban square within the building, welcoming people who enter, and serving as a meeting point. It also provides a venue where events and performances can take place. It contains a segment of the printing machinery from the original building, thus presenting and preserving in memory its former use.

▼新入口，new entrance ©Janez Martincic

▼入口处小广场，small plaza at the entrance ©Janez Martincic

▼遗留的印刷机器原件，preserved printing machine segments ©Janez Martincic

▼遗留的印刷机器原件，preserved printing machine segments ©Janez Martincic

▼阶梯营造的公共空间，stairs create the public space  ©Janez Martincic

近年来，Sever设计的一些建筑都被拆除。尽管Sever本人主张功能主义原则，认为建筑一旦不再发挥其功能，就应被新的建筑所取代，但这些拆除行动是没有必要的，而且大多是经济利益驱动的结果。

In recent decades, several buildings in Sever’s opus have been demolished. Despite the fact that Sever himself advocated the principles of functionalism and the notion that, once a building no longer serves its function, it should be replaced by a new one, these demolitions were tragically unnecessary and mostly the result of economic interests.

▼夜间外廊，exterior corridor at night ©Janez Martincic

▼夜景，night view ©Janez Martincic

▼夜景，night view ©Janez Martincic

与此形成对比的是，原印刷厂被精心改造，焕然一新。这不仅是对其建造者的致敬，也为被遗忘的工业遗产背景下的当代改造提供了一个范例。

In contrast, the Old Printing House has been respectfully renovated and given a new lease on life. This is both a great tribute to its creator and also provides a paradigm for new contemporary content within the context of a forgotten industrial heritage.

▼施工照片，construction photo ©Janez Martincic

▼场地区位，site location ©OFIS arhitekti

▼地下室平面，basement floor plan ©OFIS arhitekti

▼一层平面，ground floor plan ©OFIS arhitekti

▼屋顶平面，roof floor plan ©OFIS arhitekti

▼立面，elevation ©OFIS arhitekti

▼剖面，section ©OFIS arhitekti

Project : 2021-24

OFIS Project team: Rok Oman, Špela Videčnik, Janez Martinčič, Andrej Gregorič, Matej Kranjc, Rok Vrenko, Borut Bernik, Marieke Van Dorpe

Structural engineering: Project PA d.o.o, Milan Sorč

Mechanical engineering: ISP d.o.o.

Electrical engineering: Pro-elekt d.o.o.