Benjakitti 森林公园丨泰国曼谷丨Turenscape + Arsomsilp

Benjakitti Forest Park: Transforming a Brown Field into an Urban Nature｜Turenscape + Arsomsilp

项目陈述

PROJECT STATEMENT

在繁华的曼谷市中心，一座前烟草工厂经过改造，变身成一处低维护的再生系统景观。该系统具有气候适应性，能够过滤受污染的水源，并创造出大量野生动物栖息地。此外，Benjakitti 森林公园现在也已经成为曼谷市中心最大的公共休闲空间，以及首都新的文化象征。该项目在短短 18 个月的时间内以低成本完成，为城市工程提供了可复制的模块化方法，将无生命的混凝土铺设地面转变为具有弹性的生态系统，为当地居民提供了全方位的生态系统服务。

In the bustling urban heart of Bangkok, a former tobacco factory has been transformed into a low-maintenance regenerative system that is climate resilient, filters contaminated water and provides much-needed wildlife habitat. In addition, Benjakitti Forest Park now provides the largest public recreational space for residents of downtown Bangkok and has become a new cultural symbol for the capital city. The project, completed at a low cost in a compressed timeframe of just 18 months, offers a replicable modular approach to urban engineering that can transform the lifeless, concrete-paved ground into a resilient living ecosystem that provides a full range of ecosystem services.

▲鸟瞰：该项目将混凝土地面转变为富有弹性的生态景观，以模块化的方式为当地居民提供了完整的生态系统服务，Bird Eye: The project transforms concrete ground into a resilient ecosystem, offering full ecosystem services with a modular approach © Pierrick

项目说明

PROJECT NARRATIVE

1. 场地和挑战

曼谷是一个人口稠密的城市，属于热带季风气候，年平均降水量约为 1500 毫米。由于曼谷海拔较低，全球变暖的影响导致洪水风险增加。场地占地 102 英亩，前身是一座烟草工厂。由于项目预算有限，且需要由军队监督，而军队在景观建造方面没有太多经验或技能。

2. 设计目标和策略

为了解决场地的多重挑战，该项目被设想为一个能够为城市提供整体生态系统服务的中央公园，包括以自然为基础的城市防洪解决方案的示范点，以及为日常娱乐活动和其他文化服务提供急需的公共空间。为实现这些目标，设计团队定制了以下三项战略：

再利用和再循环：将所有现有的树木都被保留并融入到公园的设计中。现有的工厂建筑被改造成体育中心和博物馆。拆除的混凝土材料被回收用于土方基础和铺路工程中。

创造孔隙和湿地：利用切割和填充技术将不透水的混凝土铺设地面转变为点缀着小岛的海绵和多孔湿地景观，预计能够在季风季节期间从周围地区收集并贮存多达 20 万立方米的雨水。这种景观处理方法也将坚硬的粘土表面土壤转化为潮湿和海绵状的栖息地，允许丰富的本地植物群落在旱季以最少的灌溉或维护成本生存。这种模块化的景观可以用一台挖掘机轻松完成，并最大限度地减少对熟练工人的依赖。

培育低维护的“凌乱自然”：在具有不同微环境的地形上播种种子，种植树苗，为半自然植物群落的后续演变奠定了基础，创造出了一种全新的、高度动态的、多样化的美学，与周围的城市景观形成鲜明对比。

为人们创造身临其境的场所：规划多条木板栈道和一座空中步道，将整个公园联系在一起，创造出独特的沉浸式热带雨林体验。

3. 成果表现

Benjakitti 森林公园虽然建成时间短，但取得了巨大的成功。去年夏天，曼谷大部分地区被洪水淹没，但却没有殃及到该公园及其附近地区。水修复湿地表现良好，并贮存了足够的水源，使湿地度过旱季。在这个重生的野生城市自然区域中，发现了 91 种鸟类。这座绿肺真正成为了人口密集的曼谷最大的中央公园，每天吸引着成千上万的游客在这里进行各种娱乐活动。Benjakitti 森林公园被誉为首都的新标志。

▲场地平面图与剖面图：原烟草加工厂的棕地将被改造成提供综合生态系统服务的城市绿洲，Site Plan and the typical Secions: The brown field of the former tobacco processing factory is to be transformed into an urban oasis providing comprehensive ecosystem services © Turenscape

▲以最小的预算改造工业棕地：场地的混凝土地面经过切割和填充，播种种子，在短时间内创造出户沉浸式的自然体验，Brown field transformation with minimal budget: Onsite cut-and-fill, seed sowing, and immersive access in short timeline. © Turenscape & Arsomsilp

▲在 18 个月的时间里，不透水的地面和金属屋顶变成了多孔的“绿色海绵”，支撑着一个生命系统的自发进化，In 18 months, the impermeable ground and metal roof has been transformed into porous green sponge supporting a living system to evolve spontaneously. © Turenscape & Arsomsilp

▲人工湿地以西面的户外剧场为特色，户外剧场边缘浅、中部深，能够在雨季期间贮存洪水 © Turenscape & Arsomsilp

▲浅水湿地上方设有木板栈道，让游客在大自然中感受身临其境的体验，On top shallow shoreline is a boardwalk system allowing visitor to have an immersive experience within the nature and be save. © Turenscape & Arsomsilp

▲经过调整的地形为半自然植物群的衍生发展创造了适宜的微环境，从种子开始逐渐丰富了本地物种。

Modulated landform creates micro-environments for evolving semi-natural flora, starting with seeds and enriching with native species. © Turenscape & Arsomsilp

▲所有现存的树木都被保留并融入到设计中，使公园在炎热的夏天成为人们喜爱的绿洲，All exiting trees on site are preserved and integrated into the design and immediate make the park a beloved refuge during the hot summer. © Turenscape & Arsomsilp

▲空中步道扩大了可供人们游览的空间，为人们提供了城市自然和天际线的广阔景观视野，并为水生和陆地野生动物进行了分区，Skywalk doubles space and capacity, offers urban nature and skyline views, and allocates areas for water and wildlife. © Turenscape & Arsomsilp

▲空中步道连接着被道路分隔的公园部分，穿过保存完好的树木，营造出独特的热带沉浸感，Skywalk links park sections divided by roads, weaving through preserved trees for a unique tropical immersion. © Turenscape & Arsomsilp

▲主要道路改头换面：路面的分层创造出可渗透的生物沼泽，将部分行人道路面积归还给了自然，Major roads repurposed: A cut in the pavement creates a permeable bio-swale, scaling down wide roads for human use. © Turenscape & Arsomsilp

▲仓库被改造为体育馆和博物馆：部分工厂屋顶被移除以增加采光，并增加了空间的开放程度，改变了空间的氛围，Warehouses repurposed for sports and museums: Factory roofs daylighted for porosity, transforming spaces. © Turenscape & Arsomsilp

▲稻田被改造成仓库的铺砌区域，而该仓库则被改造为烟草工厂的历史博物馆，Rice paddies are used to transform the paved area of a warehouse that is recycled for a history museum of the tobacco factory. © Turenscape & Arsomsilp

▲公园深处的湿地和梯田水岸与一个每天净化 200 万加仑的水系统相连，能够将水从 V 级净化到 III 级。The park’s wetlands with deep cores and terraced shores link to a system purifying 2 million gallons daily from grade V to III. © Turenscape & Arsomsilp

▲公园的景观支持低维护、半自然的植物群，促进了动植物共生，吸引了 91 种鸟类，The park’s landscape supports low-maintenance, semi-natural flora, fostering fauna-flora symbiosis and attracting 91 bird species. © Turenscape & Arsomsilp

▲作为曼谷最大的公园，这个绿色的绿洲每天吸引成千上万的游客，堪称城市的娱乐核心，Becoming Bangkok’s largest park, this green oasis draws tens of thousands daily for city heart recreation. © Turenscape & Arsomsilp

PROJECT NARRATIVE

1. Site and challenges

Bangkok is a densely populated city. The region experiences a monsoon climate with an average precipitation of about 1500 mm per year. The effects of global warming have resulted in increased flood risk due to Bangkok’s low elevation. The 102-acre site was formerly a tobacco factory. The budget was limited and was overseen by the army and did not have extensive experience or skills in building landscape projects.

2. Design objectives and strategies

In addressing the multiple challenges of the site, the project was envisioned as a central park capable of providing holistic ecosystem services to the city, including a demonstration of a nature-based solution for urban flood control, as well as providing badly needed public space for daily recreational activities and other cultural services. Three strategies guided our work to meet these objectives:

Reuse and recycle: All existing trees on site were preserved and integrated into the park design. Existing factory buildings were repurposed to house the sports center and museum. The demolished concrete materials were recycled for the earthwork foundation and paving.

Creating porosity and wetlands: Cut-and-fill techniques were used to transform the impermeable, concrete-paved ground into a spongy and porous landscape of wetlands dotted with islets, which is expected to retain up to 200,000M3 of stormwater from the surrounding area during the monsoon season. This tilled landscape also transformed the otherwise hard clay surface soil into wet and spongy habitat, allowing a rich native plant community to establish itself with minimal irrigation or maintenance needed during the dry season. This modular landscape can be easily executed with a single excavator and minimizes dependence on skilled labor.

Fostering a low-maintenance “Messy Nature”: The modulated landform with diverse micro-environments was sown with seeds and planted with tree seedlings, creating a foundation for the subsequent evolution of a semi-natural plant community creating a new, highly dynamic, and diverse aesthetic that sharply contrasts with the surrounding urban landscape.

Creating immersive places for people: Multiple boardwalks and a skywalk were designed that tie together the entire park and create a unique immersive experience amidst the tropical foliage.

3.Performance

Benjakitti Forest Park, though built in a short period, has demonstrated great success. Last summer, most of Bangkok city was flooded but not this park and its vicinity. The water-remediating wetland performs well and produces enough water to keep the wetland survive the dry season. 91 species of birds were seen in this rewilded urban nature. This green lung has truly become the largest central park for the densely populated Bangkok and attracts tens of thousands of visitors daily who use it for all kinds of recreational activities. It was celebrated as the new icon for the capital city.

Project Credits

Arsomsilp Community and Environmental Architect Co., Ltd., Associate local firm

Kongjian Yu, FASLA, Lead Landscape Architect

Dong WANG, Project Manager and Senior Urban Planner

Wei LIU, Landscape Architect

Baiqiang REN, GIS Analyst and Water treatment Engineer

Liang HE, Landscape Architect

Yanjin BAI, Landscape Architect

Jiin-yi HWANG, Landscape Architect

Yujie LIU, Lanscape Architect

Kening PAN, Landscape Architect

Lelai DAI, Landscape Architect

Defeng LU, Landscape Architect

Xiaodong LI, Landscape Architect

Chang YANG, Landscape Architect

Xianfeng HE, Landscape Architect

Qiong ZHENG, Landscape Architect

Wenjing YUE, Landscape Architect

Boxun YUAN, Architect

KASEMDESIGN & CONSULTALT, Structure Engineering

Optimology Co., Ltd, M&E Engineering

Stonehenge Co., Ltd, Construction Management

Plan Motif Co., Ltd, Signage Design

Center of Excellence in Universal Design, Faculty of Architecture, Chulalongkorn University, Universal Design

Weerachai Nanakorn，Wiwat Salyakamthorn，Kwangsuang Atibodhi，Nilubol Klongvessa，Anek Siripanichgorn，Chaiyuth Chinnarasri，Weerapan Paisarnnan，Thitiphan Tritrakarn， Montathip Sommeechai，Nopparat Naksathit，Pramook Benyasut，Chunlaporn Nuntapanich, Consultant