Xochimilco 生态公园丨墨西哥墨西哥城丨Grupo de Diseno Urbano S.C.

Xochimilco Ecological Park｜Grupo de Diseno Urbano S.C.

项目陈述

Project Statement

Xochimilco 于 1988 年被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产，是一个需要保护的独特之地。这片文化景观包含“浮岛农业”（CHINAMPAS），这是一种高效可持续的农业系统，其历史可以追溯到前哥伦布时期，并延续至今。针对 3000 公顷浮岛农业区的规划包括一个生态公园、植物市场和体育公园。公园中的湿地和湖泊为超过 200 种本地及迁徙鸟类提供了重要的栖息地。

公园于1993年开放，斩获多项大奖，并在全球范围内广受关注，成为墨西哥城的标志性项目。它成功地证明了生态与设计并非天然对立。近年来，公园因常年缺少维护而出现退化，但在经过全面修复后，如今已焕然一新，成为一处深受欢迎的公共空间。

Xochimilco was declared a WHS by UNESCO in 1988, as a unique place to conserve. A Cultural Landscape containing the CHINAMPAS, an intensive sustainable agronomic system; a landscape of prehispanic origin which survives today. The Plan for the 3,000 H. chinampa district included an ecological park, a plant market and sports park. The Park, with wetlands and lakes, an ecosystem sustaining more than 200 species of native and migratory birds.

Opening in 1993, won many awards, published worldwide, becoming an icon in Mexico City. The project showed that ecology and design were not intrinsically opposed. The Park deteriorated in recent years and was subject to an extensive rehabilitation. Today, it has totally recovered and intensively visited.

▲Xochimilco 生态公园（XEP） 专注于恢复前哥伦布时期的湖泊生态系统及历史浮岛农业，该地于 1987 年被列为世界遗产。设计的湿地为超过 200 种鸟类、两栖动物以及濒危的墨西哥钝口螈（axolotl）恢复了栖息地，Xochimilco Ecological Park (XEP) is about the prehispanic lacustrine ecosystem and the historic chinampas, declared a World Heritage Site in 1987. The designed wetlands provide recovered habitats for more than 200 species of birds, amphibians, and the endangered axolotl salamander. © Francisco Gómez Sosa

项目说明

Project Narrative

Xochimilco湖区的保护与修复是墨西哥城政府在该地区被列为世界遗产后启动的大型综合项目的一部分。针对3000公顷浮岛农业区的规划包括建设生态公园、植物市场和体育公园。Grupo de Diseno Urbano S.C.团队负责设计和建造 Xochimilco生态公园（PEX）。

公园占地277公顷，被南环路（Anillo Periférico Sur）分为两部分：北部区域包括植物和花卉市场及Cuemanco体育公园；南部区域则涵盖 Xochimilco生态公园及与浮岛农业区相连的Huetzalin和Acitlalin湖。

公园内的湿地和湖泊生态系统不仅支持超过200种本地及迁徙鸟类，还融入了体育和休闲活动区域、植物市场和一个场地博物馆。自 2004 年以来，Xochimilco湿地被列入《国际重要湿地公约》（RAMSAR Sites）名录，成为全球湿地保护的典范。

公园的设计初衷是通过恢复墨西哥谷地的水文和地理历史，将公园融入更广阔的自然景观中。公园的主轴线还引导游客将视野聚焦于自前哥伦布时期以来被视为神圣的山脉和丘陵。

公园于 1993 年开园，获得包括哈佛绿色城市设计奖在内的多项国际荣誉，并在全球范围内受到报道，成为墨西哥城的象征性项目。它成功展示了生态与设计的深度融合。然而，近年来公园因维护不力而逐渐退化，亟需全面修复。

在2019至2020年间，Grupo de Diseno Urbano S.C.团队参与了对公园的全面修复，重点在于湿地和湖泊系统的复原，包括通过清淤和地形优化恢复其生态功能。

修复工作种植了1500多棵本地树种，这些树种均经墨西哥城市环境秘书处批准。同时，对公园内约2.5万棵树木中的20% 进行了病虫害治理和林业清理。新增了一个教学浮岛农业区，以及由艺术家Luis Palacios设计的生态艺术地景项目“偶然花园”。此外，还设计了新的标识系统及由生物学专家提供的野生动植物与植物解说面板。

公园的慢跑道和自行车道得到了显著扩展，同时新增了一个更大的儿童及家庭活动区，提供划船设施以及传统的 Xochimilco“平底船”（Trajineras），这些船只常用于家庭聚会和野餐。

如今，Xochimilco生态公园已恢复了昔日的辉煌，不仅吸引了多种本地及迁徙鸟类，还成为墨西哥城大都会地区，尤其是南部居民的重要休闲地，为家庭、跑步者、骑行者以及观鸟爱好者提供了理想的开放空间和自然体验。

▲在拥有2000万人口的超级都市中，Xochimilco是3000公顷历史浮岛农业系统文化景观的最后遗迹。Xochimilco生态公园是一座集文化、考古、休闲、体育公园及植物花卉市场为一体的综合性公园，占地277公顷，于1990年至1992年建成，Within a megalopolis of 20 million, Xochimilco is the last remanent of a 3,000 Ha cultural landscape of the historic Chinampa agro-aquatic system. Xochimilco Ecological Park is a cultural, archaeological, recreational, sports park; plant and flower market in 277 Ha; built from 1990 to 1992. © GDU Archive

▲XEP 总体规划占地277公顷，被南环高速公路分为南北两部分：南部为生态公园，北部为体育公园和植物市场。公园由多样的湖泊、湿地和运河构成，形成了丰富的鸟类及其他动物的栖息地。2020年启动了修复计划，The XEP 277 Ha Master Plan is split by the South Ring freeway: the Ecological Park on the south; the sports park and plant market on the north side. A diversity of lagoons, wetlands and canals form the park structure, creating habitats for bird species and other fauna. In 2020 rehabilitation plan. © GDU Archive

▲公园不同时期的影像序列与时间轴记录，包括水处理厂喷泉为浮岛和湖泊系统提供水源的场景，Sequential views of the park in time; Timeline. Waterspouts from WT Plant, feeding Chinampas and lake systems. © Gabriel Figueroa / Jerry Harpur / Michael Calderwood

▲从高空俯瞰Xochimilco 生态公园：入口广场、场地博物馆、屋顶露台，以及穿越湿地和湖泊的多样化步道、长廊与自行车道，Cenital view Xochimilco Ecological Park. Entrance Plaza; Site Museum; Rooftop Terrace; diversity of trails, promenades, cycling roads within wetlands and lakes. © Francisco Gómez Sosa

▲当地动植物解说面板、历史介绍面板及入口广场中的场地博物馆。在疫情期间，XEP 成为城市中的重要避难所。每种动植物由生物学艺术家绘制，Interpretation Panel of local flora and fauna. Historical Panel. Site Museum in entrance plaza. During covid pandemic, XEP became an important refuge in the big city. Each species were drawn by a biologist artist. © GDU Archive

▲白鹭、迁徙鹈鹕以及从濒危中恢复的墨西哥钝口螈等动植物在此栖息。园内生活着超过200种野生动物，Egrets, migratory pelicans and the axolotl salamander recovering from extinction. 200 species of wildlife inhabit in the park. © Francisco Gómez Sosa / Fabiola / Gabriel Figueroa

▲水处理厂主喷泉以每秒500升的流量为入口广场供水。墨西哥柏树（Moctezuma Cypress，学名 Taxodium mucronatum）以及用于家庭野餐和聚会的传统“平底船”（Trajinera）在此随处可见，Waterspouts from main WT plant feeding 500 lts./sec. at the entrance plaza. Moctezuma cypress; Taxodium mucronatum; and the traditional “trajinera” boat for family picnics and parties. © Francisco Gómez Sosa

▲主凉棚：沿主轴线通往船坞和露天剧场，周围种植了多肉植物和耐盐植物。凉棚上攀爬着金银花属植物（Lonicera sp），提供遮荫和花香，Main pergola: Axis to the embarcadero and amphitheater, a collection of gardens succulent and halophytes. Lonicera sp is climbing on pergola for shade and flower. © Francisco Gómez Sosa / Michael Calderwood / Jerry Harpur / GDU Archive

▲新建了一个大型家庭聚会区，提供遮阳设施、卫生间和售货亭，吸引了大量周末游客。户外家庭聚会是墨西哥家庭的传统活动，A new vast section for families, picnicking and parties with simple shade forms, bathrooms and kiosks is attracting numbers of visitors on weekends. Outdoor family reunions are traditional in Mexican families. © Francisco Gómez Sosa / GDU Archive

▲教学浮岛农业系统由当地园丁管理并展示。自9世纪以来，浮岛农业每个季节可实现高达三次玉米和蔬菜的丰收，构成了非凡的文化景观，A didactic chinampa agronomic system is explained and managed by local gardeners. Existing since the 9th century chinampas produced up to 3 harvests of maize and vegetables per season, creating an extraordinary cultural landscape. © Francisco Gómez Sosa / Michael Calderwood / GDU Archive

▲广场：该区域用于展示活动、有机蔬菜市场及各种表演，Square Plaza: The Square Plaza is used for presentations, organic vegetables market and performances. © Francisco Gómez Sosa

▲自2020-2022年重新开放以来，XEP 推出了多种项目和活动，吸引了越来越多的游客。年均游客量达250万，包括钝口螈展览、传统船只体验、前西班牙表演、家庭野餐、植物观赏、有机市场及跑步比赛等活动，XEP has increased its diverse visitors through many programs, activities, performances, after reopening in 2020-2022. Visitors: 2.5 million a year. Axolotl exhibits; traditional boats; prehispanic performance; family picnics; plant observation; organic market; running competitions. © GDU Archive

▲退化与修复（2015-2022）：2016年发生火灾，随后进行了湿地清淤、湖泊修复，2019年完成水喷泉建设，同时修复了运河和树木，并于2022年建成了教学浮岛农业区，Deterioration and Recovery 2015-2022. Fire in 2016; wetland desilting; lagoons recovery; waterspouts in 2019; channel and tree recovery; didactic chinampa 2022. © GDU Archive

▲自1993年以来，XEP 获得了无数奖项与认可，并在美国、德国、意大利、挪威、智利、巴西、阿根廷等国的杂志上发表。1994年至今的报纸剪辑、杂志封面及书籍记录了其发展历程。2021年，《Obras Magazine》授予 XEP“年度最佳城市设计”称号，Since 1993, XEP has received numerous awards, recognitions and has been published in magazines: USA, Germany, Italy, Norway, Chile, Brazil, Argentina. Newspaper clippings, magazine covers, books, published from 1994 to today. In 2021 Obras Magazine awarded XEP as best urbanism of the year. © GDU Archive

Project Narrative

The rescue and rehabilitation of Xochimilco´s lacustrine zone was part of a huge integral project, developed by the Mexico City Government, after being declared World Heritage Site in 1988. The Plan for the 3,000 H. chinampa district included an ecological park, a plant market and sports park. Our office was in charge for the Xochimilco Ecological Park (PEX).

The 277 hectare park is crossed by Anillo Periférico Sur road, bifurcating it into two sections:  The northern section with the Plant and Flower Market and the Cuemanco Sports Park, and the southern section where the Xochimilco Ecological Park and the Huetzalin and Acitlalin lakes are located, which are attached to the Xochimilco chinampa area.

The Park, with wetlands and lakes, is an ecosystem sustaining more than 200 species of native and migratory birds, also included sports and recreational activities, a plant market and a site museum. Since 2004, the wetlands of Xochimilco have been part of the RAMSAR sites list, a designation established by the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, including the park.

The original concept was to visually connect the park to its landscape territory recovering the hydraulic and physiographic history of the Valley of Mexico. The main axis of the park directs perspectives to iconic mountains and hills sacred since prehispanic times.

Opening in 1993, Xochimilco Ecological Park won many awards and recognitions including Harvard’s Green Prize in Urban Design. It was published worldwide, becoming an icon in Mexico City. The project showed that ecology and design were not intrinsically opposed.

The Park deteriorated in recent years and was subject to an extensive rehabilitation.

Between 2019-2020, our office participated in the integral rehabilitation of the park including the restoration of all the wetlands and lake systems, by a process of desilting and topographical refinement.

Planting of more than 1500 native trees with species approved by the Mexico City Environment Secretariat. Forestry sanitation in 20% of the approximately 25,000 trees. A didactic chinampawas added, as well as the “Adventitious Garden”, an ecological-artistic land-art project designed by the artist Luis Palacios. New signage and interpretation panels of wildlife and plants were designed by biology experts.

In particular, the jogging and cycling paths were extended as well as the inclusion of a major area for children and family recreation, boating and the traditional “Trajineras” flat bottom boats of Xochimilco, used for family picnics and parties.

Project Credits

Mario Schjetnan Garduño, Landscape Architecture

Secretaría del Medio Ambiente, Manage, monitor and control