火之设计丨美国加利福尼亚丨Brett Milligan,Emily Schlickman

Design By Fire｜Brett Milligan, ASLA + Emily Schlickman, ASLA

项目陈述

Project Statement

Around the world, the impacts of wildfires are increasing and expanding. Design by Fire is a set of projects that examine these challenges and provoke conversations about the role design might play in intentionally shaping futures. Design by Fire spans multiple media, including a book documenting nearly 30 international case studies of creative fire design; a public exhibition –Pyro Futures– that invites participants to experience different future scenarios; a website where public concerns and experiences with wildfires are collected and shared; and a landscape installation imparting new fire mascots into the collective imagination. Above all, Design by Fire seeks to communicate that we have a choice in what our fiery futures could be.

▲引领火灾频繁时期的变革：《火之设计》鼓励景观建筑师和规划师与火焰进行创造性互动，而不是单纯抵制它，Stewarding Change in the Pyrocene: Design by Fire challenges landscape architects and planners to creatively engage with fire rather than resist it. © Brett Milligan and Emily Schlickman

项目说明

Project Narrative

火之设计时代

全球范围内，野火的风险和影响正日益加剧、扩展。由于人类活动和历史遗留问题——如殖民主义、土地转型、城市开发以及燃烧化石燃料导致的气候变暖——火灾的本质正在迅速发生变化。这些变化带来了前所未有的挑战、问题和机遇，尤其是在设计和土地-火灾管理方面。

《火之设计》是一系列应对这一挑战的沟通性作品，旨在促进我们与火灾的集体关系的探索。通过审视火灾的历史与现状，这些作品帮助我们展望未来，提出对未来可能性的推测。最重要的是，这些项目传递了一个核心信息——我们有能力选择塑造未来火灾世界的方式。

多样化的传播平台

《火之设计：在火时代的抵抗、共创与撤退》是一本已出版的书籍，深入研究并策划了全球 27 个火灾设计与管理的案例。通过图示、图像和地图，书中可视化了这些案例，并将它们分为三种主要方式：抵抗火灾与景观变化的设计、与这些力量共创的设计、以及尽量撤退、减少干预的设计。这本书在设计与规划领域是首创，无论在深度还是方法上都具有独特性。

《火焰未来》是一个参与性展览，旨在通过感知未来来鼓励参与者思考。

展览包括四个部分：

（1）加利福尼亚州及其火灾风险区的大型地图，参与者可以在自己居住或曾居住的地方插图钉；

（2）一个展示多种物品和图像的玻璃展示柜，帮助参与者想象州内三种截然不同的未来情景；

（3）参与者可以书写的《火焰日记》，记录他们对火灾的看法和关切；

（4）一组印刷明信片，参与者可以带走并寄给朋友或政府官员，延伸展览影响。

《只有你能决定我们的火焰未来》是位于加利福尼亚 I-80 高速公路上的一块广告牌，展示了提倡有益火灾的吉祥物“燃烧”山猫，并附有《火焰未来》项目的链接。

这些多样的传播方式旨在触及各类观众，包括学术界、专业人士、博物馆参观者及普通公众。

影响与效果

▲开创先河：本书被誉为“所有景观建筑师和规划师的必备之作”，汇集了多年的实地考察、制图与访谈成果，The First of Its Kind: Deemed “a necessary book for all landscape architects and planners”, the publication draws upon years of fieldwork, mapping, and interviews. © Brett Milligan and Emily Schlickman

▲野火之地：尽管加利福尼亚等地与火灾并不陌生，但气候变化、景观管理的转变和无序的城市扩张加剧了火灾风险。Land of Feral Flames: While fire is no stranger to places like California – climate change, shifts in landscape management, and unchecked growth have exacerbated risk. © Brett Milligan and Emily Schlickman

▲火热未来的设计策略：本书收录了 27 个全球设计案例，探讨如何在设计和规划中考虑野火，且将它们归为三种主要方法：抗拒火灾、与火共创、以及撤离火灾影响，Strategies for a Fiery Future: The book outlines 27 global design case studies for how to design and plan with wildfire in mind and categorizes them into three main approaches. © Brett Milligan and Emily Schlickman

▲抵抗火灾：防御性空间——对易受威胁的建筑和社区周围植被的盲目清除——是抵抗火灾的一种方式，Resisting Fire: Defensive spacing – the indiscriminate removal of vegetation around vulnerable structures and communities – is one example of resistance. © Brett Milligan, Emily Schlickman, and Michael Rieger/FEMA

▲与火共创：纵火——为生态、文化和安全考虑，积极且合作性地点燃火灾——是共创的一种形式，Co-creating with Fire: Fire lighting – intentionally and cooperatively burning a site for ecological, cultural, and safety reasons – is an example of co-creation. © Brett Milligan and Emily Schlickman

▲从火灾中撤退：火灾投降——主动允许野火安全地烧毁某些区域——是撤退的一种表现，Retreating from Fire: Fire surrendering – actively allowing wildfires to safely burn a landscape – is an example of retreat. © Brett Milligan and Emily Schlickman

▲只有你能决定我们的火焰未来：“燃烧”山猫吉祥物，取代了提倡灭火的“斯莫基熊”，出现在 I-80 高速公路旁的广告牌上，ONLY YOU Can Decide Our Fiery Future: Burnie the Bobcat, a good fire mascot, replaces Smokey the Bear, a proponent of fire suppression, on a billboard off of I-80. © Brett Milligan and Emily Schlickman

▲你曾在哪里生活过？：参观《火焰未来》展览的观众可以在一张 8 英尺长的加利福尼亚火灾风险地图上插上图钉，标出自己曾经居住或现在居住的地方，Where have you lived? Visitors to Pyro Futures insert pins into a massive 8 ft long map of California illustrating different fire hazard severity zones. © Brett Milligan and Emily Schlickman

▲火灾好奇陈列柜：三种未来场景——火热公地、火之愤怒、与火共生的权利——邀请参观者感受火灾的未来，A Cabinet of Pyro-curiosities: Three future scenarios – Pyric Commons, Wrath of Fire, and Right to Burn – invite participants to feel into the future of fire. © Jael Mackendorf / UC Davis

▲火焰日记：展览中的访客可在一系列日记本中记录自己对火灾的感想、担忧与期望，Fire Journals: Exhibition visitors can share their feelings, hopes and concerns about fire in a series of journals laid out on a large communal table. © Brett Milligan and Emily Schlickman

▲从涂鸦到宣言：参观者的反应丰富多样——从轻松的涂鸦解释好火灾，到强调国家政策失误的严肃声明，From Doodles to Dictums: Responses have been rich and varied – from light-hearted sketches explaining good fire to statements underlining serious missteps in national policy. © Hung Q. Pham Photography / Courtesy of the Manetti Shrem Museum, Brett Milligan and Emily Schlickman

© Brett Milligan and Emily Schlickman

▲火焰明信片：参观者可在离开展览前，带走几张火焰明信片。以下是一些受欢迎的明信片设计，Pyro Postcards: Before leaving the exhibit, visitors can take a few postcards with them. Here are a few of the current favorites. © Brett Milligan and Emily Schlickman

▲延续对话：参观者被鼓励将明信片寄给朋友、同事和政治家，以激发关于火灾未来的讨论，Continuing the Conversation: Visitors are encouraged to send these postcards to friends, colleagues, and politicians to help “spark” conversations about our future with fire. © Jael Mackendorf / UC Davis

▲合作交流空间：数百人曾在此聚集，吸收信息、展开讨论、并集思广益，共同探索如何引领火灾的未来发展，A Space for Collaboration: Hundreds of people have gathered in the space to absorb, discuss, and creatively brainstorm about ways in which we can guide the future of fire. © Hung Q. Pham Photography / Courtesy of the Manetti Shrem Museum

Project Narrative

Design in a Time of Fire

Globally, the risks and impacts of wildfires are increasing, intensifying and expanding. Due to many human actions and past legacies – be it settler-colonialism, land conversion, development, and the burning of fossil fuels that are warming the climate – the very nature of fire is rapidly changing. Such changes present extreme challenges, questions and opportunities for design and land-fire stewardship.

Design by Fireis a set of communicative works that respond to this challenge by facilitating exploration of our collective relationships with fire. These works examine fire through time, examining past and current stewardship to help inform speculation on what could be. Above all, these projects attempt to communicate that we have a choice in crafting the fiery futures we will come to inhabit.

Diverse Media Distribution

Design by Firehas reached many audiences through a published book, an exhibition, a website and a landscape installation.

Design by Fire: Resistance, Co-creation and Retreat in the Pyroceneis a published book that researches and curates 27 global case studies of fire design and stewardship. The book visualizes these examples through diagrams, imagery and maps, and categorizes them into three general approaches: those that resist fire and forces of landscape change, those that embrace and co-create with those forces, and those that try to retreat and minimize human intervention. This book is the first of its kind, both in depth and approach, for the design and planning disciplines.

Pyro Futuresis a participatory exhibition in a prominent public art museum that encourages participants to feel their way into the future. The exhibition consists of four parts: (1) a large map of California and its fire risk zones, in which participants can insert pins wherever they live, or have lived. (2) A large glass case full of diverse objects and images used to help participants imagine three very different potential futures for the state. (3) Pyro journals that participants can write in responses to questions about fire and what concerns them most. And (4) a set of printed postcards that participants can take with them and mail to friends and government officials to extend the exhibition beyond the gallery.

Pyro Futures also exists as a website where public responses to questions about fire futures are collected and shared, and visitors can vote for their favorite new fire mascot. ONLY YOU Can Decide our Fiery Future is a billboard along the I-80 freeway in California. It features Burnie the Bobcat, a mascot promoting beneficial fire, and includes a link to the Pyro Futures project. These diverse media platforms were selected to reach wide audiences across a range of spaces, be they academic, professional, museum goers, or the general public. Impact and Effectiveness Design by Fire has been featured across a range of prominent news outlets, reaching over 5 million people. The ONLY YOU billboard has been seen over 4 million times; the Pyro Futures website has over 7,000 page hits, and the museum exhibition has hosted over 14,000 visitors. Parts of the exhibit (book, journals, postcards, and wearable Burnie the Bobcat pin) were requested by the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History and are a permanent part of its Environmental History Collection. Pyro Futures is also being included and considered in additional venues. Project Credits Virginia Morgan, Graduate Research Assistant Aiyuan Liao, Undergraduate Research Assistant Jay Deisman, Undergraduate Research Assistant Emma Ginnell, Undergraduate Research Assistant Mina Bedogne, Undergraduate Research Assistant Dylan Barry-Schoen, Undergraduate Research Assistant Andrew Latimer, Fire Ecologist Derek Young, Fire Ecologist Gavin Kroeber, Fire Interlocutor Arleene Correa, Fire Interlocutor Sasha White, Pyro Futures Contributor Margo Robbins, Pyro Futures Contributor Val Charlton, Interviewee Dean Turner, Interviewee Kerry Metlen, Interviewee Alanna Rebelo, Interviewee Marta Carola, Interviewee Garrett Dickman, Interviewee Dan Buckley, Interviewee Scott Gediman, Interviewee Don Hankins, Pyro Future Contributor Hanna Prissen, Case Study Contributor Jordan Duke, Case Study Contributor Sarah Toth, Case Study Contributor Hugh Safford, Fire Ecologist Malcolm North, Fire Ecologist Kate Schell, Publishing Editor Megha Patel, Commissioning Editor Jenna Blair, Exhibition Coordinator Haley Di Pressi, Collections Manager