四栋停车楼,巴林丨巴林穆哈拉格丨Christian Kerez

位于穆哈拉格老城区的四座停车楼是巴林文化部“珍珠之路”项目的一部分。该项目融合了传统住宅的修缮与当代表达的建筑实践，例如Anne Holtrop 设计的世博会国家馆、Valerio Olgiati 设计的游客中心，以及由 OFFICE 操刀的一系列城市广场。停车楼覆盖并激活了穆哈拉格中世纪密集城市肌理中的大片空地，首先为公众提供了开放空间，这些空间同样可用于礼拜、活动或市集。因此，前来的人们不仅是为了停车，也会因为穿行其中不断变化的空间体验而被吸引。

The four car parks in the Old City Center of Muharraq are part of the Pearl Path Project by the Ministry of Culture of Bahrain. This project combines the renovation of traditional residences and contemporary projects like the Pavilion for the World Expo by Anne Holtrop, a visitor center by Valerio Olgiati and a series of urban squares by OFFICE. The car parks cover and multiply the large open voids in the dense medieval urban structure of Muharraq. They create first and foremost a space for the public that could also  be used for prayer, events or markets. Many people will visit the buildings not just to park their cars, but also to experience the ever-changing spaces walking through these structures.

▼停车楼鸟瞰，aerial view of the parking building ©Maxime Delvaux

这些位于穆哈拉格老城区的停车设施由四栋建筑组成，总面积达45,000平方米。它们在不同地块上以四种方式表达了统一的设计原则。建筑楼板在不同方向上弯折与倾斜，彼此连接成坡道，从而在功能上完成不同楼层之间的交通转换。楼板通过从凹到凸、从高到低的几何变换，营造出富有张力的空间体验，或向内展开，或向外延展。车辆的流动也使整个建筑内部成为一个持续变化的动态空间。

▼汽车行驶轨迹平面，car movement plan ©Christian Kerez

The parking facilities in Bahrain’s old city center of Muharraq consist of four buildings with a total surface of 45’000 m . They follow the same principles of design in four different ways on four different plots. The slabs of these buildings bend and slope, merging into each other so that they also serve as ramps connecting one level to another. The slabs create a distinctive spatial experience when moving up or down the car park through their geometrical transformation from concave to convex, high and low, into spaces expanding to the interior or to the outside of the building. The movement of the cars creates a continuously changing space throughout the entire building.

▼停车楼街景，street view of the parking building ©Maxime Delvaux

地块D

Plot D

这是四个停车楼中最小的一座，但由于其最为暴露，也成为在造型与立面上表达最为强烈的一栋。此外，因其场地限制最大，设计挑战最高，因此这一地块也成为其余三座停车楼设计过程中的“样板”。

▼汽车行驶轨迹立面，car movement side view ©Christian Kerez

This is the smallest of the four car parks but since it is also the most exposed, it has the most distinctive sculptural, vertical expression. In addition, as the most challenging to organize, this small plot was used as a role model for the other car parks to be designed later on.

▼承重结构仅由楼板与柱子构成，exposed load bearing structure of the car parks consists only of slabs and columns ©Maxime Delvaux

这些停车楼的承重结构仅由楼板与柱子构成，其水平刚性（抵抗风荷载与地震力）主要通过楼板间的连接来实现。复合柱的直径在25到30厘米之间，约10米的跨度在楼板中形成极高的冲切力。预制柱底部与顶部的金属弯折钢板，将厚重的楼板与垂直承重构件牢固连接。

The exposed load bearing structure of the car parks consists only of slabs and columns. The stiffening to withstand horizontal loads like winds or earthquakes is achieved through the connection of one slab to another. The composite columns measure between 25 and 30 centimeters. The span of approximately 10 meters produced very high punching forces in the slabs. Bent metal steel plates at the bottom and top of each prefabricated column connect the heavy large slabs with the vertical structural elements.

▼楼板在不同方向上弯折与倾斜，the slabs of these buildings bend and slope ©Maxime Delvaux

楼梯与电梯井完全裸露，电梯井使用透明PVC膜包覆。楼梯如同弹簧一般在楼板之间起到缓冲作用。由于不同楼层之间的高度差从220厘米至480厘米不等，每一层的楼梯平台位置也随之变化。螺旋楼梯需保持极轻，以避免对承重结构产生不均匀载荷。

The stairs and elevator shafts are totally exposed, the latter covered with a transparent foil of PVC. The stairs work like springs between the slabs. Due to differences in building height between 220 and 480 cm, the location of the landing changes from one level to the next. The circular stairs had to be very lightweight to avoid uneven loads within the loadbearing structure.

▼螺旋楼梯需保持极轻，the circular stairs had to be very lightweight ©Maxime Delvaux

没有一块楼板是相同的，造就了无限多样的空间体验。模板主要基于常规工业化构件，如脚手架塔架，定制部分极少。由于楼板表面持续变化，整个项目绘制了多达75,000张1:20的剖面图，全部通过脚本程序生成，随后打印为1:1比例，在施工现场直接裁切最后的模板构件。

▼模板构件，element of the formwork ©Christian Kerez

No slab is identical, creating an endless diversity of spaces. The formwork is based on conventional industrial products such as scaffolding towers. Very little of the sculptural formwork is customized. The constantly changing surfaces made it necessary to draw 75’000 sections on the scale 1:20, which was done by scripting. These sections were later printed 1:1 to cut the last element of the formwork on site.

▼楼顶空间，roof space ©Maxime Delvaux

中东地区建筑施工一贯依赖大量劳动力，本项目亦不例外。在依托当代计算设计与施工技术的同时，也依赖现场众多工人的参与。正是这种“传统工艺”与“当代表达”的结合，才使得这一项目得以实现。

The large workforce usually required on construction sites in the Middle East was also necessary here in addition to the contemporary possibilities of computing to create this endlessly varied geometry. The project was possible only by bringing both together.

▼施工过程，construction progress ©Christian Kerez

▼“传统工艺”与“当代表达”的结合，Combination of ‘traditional craftsmanship’ and ‘contemporary expression’ ©Christian Kerez

▼模型，model ©Christian Kerez

▼平面图，plan ©Christian Kerez

▼立面图，elevation ©Christian Kerez

▼细部，detail ©Christian Kerez

▼脚手架搭建顺序，scaffolding erection sequence ©Christian Kerez

Project: Multistorey Car Park

Location: Muharraq, Bahrain

Commissioners: Bahrain Authority of Culture and Antiquities (BACA), Sheikha Mai Bint Mohammed Al-Khalifa, Noura Al- Sayeh Holtrop, Mustafa Salman Al Sulaiman

Architect: Christian Kerez

Project Architect: Caio Barboza

Project Team

Daniel Carlson, Laura Paluch, Lisa Kusaka, Dennis Saiello, Raoul Dubois, Jens Knöpfel, Matthias Leutert, Apolinário Soares, Jonas Løland, Sofia Blanco Santos, Christiana Pitsillidou, Korbinian Huber, Enrico Pinto, Siwen Wang, Anna Molodij, Yi Wang, Viktoriya Maleva, Oleksandra Nikitenko

Structural Engineering: EDGE Consulting Engineering, Tim Peters

Pre-Stressing Slab: Strong Force M.G.C. W.L.L.

Structural Engineering, Consultant: Monotti Ingeneri Consulenti SA, Mario Monotti, Staircase, Concept Design Dr. Neven Kostic GmbH, Neven Kostic, Handrail Ferrari Gartmann AG, Emanuela Ferrari, Patrick Gartmann, Composite Column

Engineer of Record: Arsinals Engineering Design

Landscape Design: Catherine Dumont d’Ayot, Plot C and D

Concrete Consultant: Baukolorit AG, Marianne Huber

Traffic Engineering: LK Argus GmbH, Ivan Kosarev

3D Traffic Simulation: Alden Studio

Lighting: Siegrun Appelt with Mathias Burger