沙漠方舟丨蒙古丨余留地

项目主题

Abstract

作为中国首例在沙漠环境中，采用三维混凝土打印技术完成的公共建筑，项目不仅服务于内蒙古阿拉善左旗地区治沙锁边与生态修复事业，也为人类探索适应极端气候的可持续建造提供实验样本。

As China’s first 3D-printed concrete structure in desert environment, the project not only supports ecological restoration in Inner Mongolia, but also serves as an architectural prototype for future extraterrestrial habitat of humankind. © 余留地

项目简介

Project Summary

腾格里沙漠是东亚地区沙尘危害的主要发源地和必经之路，也是内蒙古生态治理的重点地区。自本世纪初，在中国绿化基金会等国内外环保机构的支持下，由吴向荣创立的“腾格里沙漠锁边生态公益基地”，坚持科学育林，取得了显著的防沙治沙成就。每年都有来自世界各地的志愿者加入团队，为恢复贺兰山西麓的生态平衡贡献力量。锁边林员和志愿者们需要长时间深入沙漠作业，暴露于瞬息万变的极端天气之下。余留地为植树者们设计了一座野外营地，提供避难、休憩和调度的基础设施，同时作为面向社会大众进行自然教育的平台。

Tengger Desert is the fourth largest and southern most desert in China. Since early 90’s, a non-profit organization had been planting trees on the fringe of the desert to contain its hazardous expansion eastward. Commissioned by the organization, designRESERVE has designed a new campsite which provides shelter and supporting facilities for tree planting volunteers during field operation. Considering the severe site conditions, restrained budget and limited time frame for construction, designRESERVE developed prototypes with 3D concrete printing technology to accommodate various types of use.

▼场地周边总体鸟瞰，Aerial view of Desert Ark with lake and solar panels©ATDEF team

▼鸟瞰沙漠方舟和间歇湖，Aerial view of Desert Ark and lake©ATDEF team

▼从水边看沙漠方舟，Desert Ark viewed over the lake©ATDEF team

▼沙漠方舟与锁边林种植区，Desert Ark with the tree-planting area in the background©Ziwen Hu

项目详述

Key Details

项目的业主，“腾格里沙漠锁边生态公益基地”，由吴向荣先生在内蒙古阿拉善左旗创立。作为中国绿化基金会“百万森林”计划的重要组成，基地也受到来自国内外环保机构、民间企业和团体的积极赞助支持。经过近三十年的不懈努力，吴老师领导的团队，累计植树超过1500万株，促进了该区域近4万公顷荒漠化草原的自然恢复，扭转了贺兰山西麓生态恶化的趋势。基地以“种树植心”为理念，倡导将环保治沙实践与面向全社会的自然教育相结合，并积极推动本地牧区的循环经济模式。贯穿全年的育林和养护工作，使植树者们时常暴露于烈日、沙尘暴和夜间低温的野外危险环境。

The client, ” Alxa Tennger Desert Ecology Fund ” was established by Mr. Wu Xiangrong in Alxa Left Banner, Inner Mongolia. As a significant part of the China Green Foundation’s “Millions Forest” plan, the base also receives active sponsorship from domestic and international environmental agencies, private companies, and groups. After nearly three decades of relentless effort, the team led by Mr. Wu has planted over 15 million trees, facilitating the natural restoration of nearly 40,000 hectares of desertified grassland and reversing the trend of ecological degradation on the west side of the Helan Mountains. Guided by the philosophy of “Planting Trees, Planting Hearts,” the base advocates combining environmental practice with nature education for the whole society and actively promotes a circular economy model in local pastoral areas.

▼从沙丘看沙漠方舟外观，Exterior view from sand dune©Huaer Lin

▼沙漠方舟近景，Approaching Desert Ark©ATDEF team

▼带有遮阳篷的三维打印混凝土组团，Desert Ark with canopy installed©ATDEF team

沙漠锁边林员营地，简称“沙漠方舟”，是一座150平方米的综合保障设施，选址在自然形成的间歇沙湖边，为锁边林团队提供应急避难，休憩食宿和物资调度等功能。同时，作为一个公益平台，向社会志愿者，学校和捐献环保的企业提供交流与活动空间。营地的建造需要考虑到沙漠生态环境的复杂性和敏感性，避免常规现场施工带来的不可逆侵害。

▼锁边林生态原理，Diagram of locked-edge forest practice©designRESERVE

Year-round planting and maintenance work exposes the planters to hazardous field conditions, including intense sun, sandstorms, and freezing nights. The Desert-Locking Forest Ranger Camp, nicknamed “Desert Ark,” is a 150-square-meter support facility. Located beside a naturally occurring intermittent sand lake, it provides the team with emergency shelter, rest, accommodation, and material. It also acts as a public education platform, offering space for interaction and activities for social volunteers, schools, and eco-conscious corporate donors. The camp’s construction needed to consider the complexity and sensitivity of the desert ecosystem, avoiding irreversible damage from conventional on-site construction.

▼沙漠方舟正面视角，Front view of Desert Ark©Huaer Lin

▼平台上的公共活动，Public activity on the deck©Huaer Lin

项目创新

Project Innovation

余留地的目标是创造一个既足够坚固耐候，又反映环境特质的可装卸建筑系统。考虑到沙漠严苛的施工条件，转瞬即逝的窗口期，以及极端气候下建筑材料的耐久性和持续维护的成本，设计团队采用三维混凝土打印的方式（清华大学徐卫国教授团队提供技术支持）实现快速建造。整个营地包含公共活动室，厨房，卫生间，淋浴间和仓库。通过化整为零的策略，各功能分散到模块化的空间单元之中。所有单元在工厂中预制完成，空间与结构一体设计，尺寸与荷载经过精心优化，满足沙漠中运输和吊装的限制。尽管遇到异常天气，现场落位和安装主体空间单元仅用了两个工作日。

▼工厂预制三维打印混凝土模块，Prefabricating the concrete modules ©Zhipeng Lin

designRESERVE aimed to create a building system that is both durable enough to withstand the elements and reflective of the environmental context. Given the harsh desert construction conditions, fleeting time windows, and concerns about material durability and ongoing maintenance costs under extreme climates, the design team employed 3D concrete printing (with technical support from Professor Xu Weiguo’s team at Tsinghua University) to enable rapid construction. The camp comprises a common room, kitchen, toilet, shower, and storage. Through a strategy of dividing the program into smaller parts, these functions are distributed into modular spatial. All units were prefabricated in a factory, with space and structure designed integrally. Their dimensions and load were meticulously optimized to meet transportation and hoisting constraints in the desert. Despite encountering abnormal weather, the on-site placement and installation of the main spatial units were completed in just two days.

▼透过混凝土体块看沙丘，View through deck towards dunes©Huaer Lin

▼公共活动空间室内，Interior view of living room©Huaer Lin

总共九个空间单元，分成大、中、小三种模块，其中最大的三个模块并置贯通为一间综合活动室。围绕一个六边形的平台，空间单元匀称排布，构成一个微型的聚落，在无边的沙漠中创造出一种具有强烈安全感、抽象美和精神力的场域。平台由可回收的吹塑托盘支撑，仿佛漂浮在沙海之上。数片三角形帆布构成的天幕为平台遮挡烈日，也是对传统蒙古大帐的致敬。

▼营地构造分析，Anatomy of the camp ©designRESERVE

A total of nine spatial units, divided into large, medium, and small modules, form the camp. The three largest modules are juxtaposed to create a connected activity room. Arranged symmetrically around a hexagonal deck, the units form a miniature settlement, creating a domain with a strong sense of security, abstract beauty, and spiritual resonance within the boundless desert. The deck is supported by recyclable cargo pallets, evoking the image of floating on a sea of sand. Several triangular canvas shades protect the deck from the scorching sun, paying homage to the traditional Mongolian yurt.

▼公共活动空间内墙表面效果，Wall finishing of living room©Huaer Lin

▼公共活动空间内置桌面和照明，Integrated table and lighting of living room©Huaer Lin

▼由三个混凝土模块串联的公共活动空间，Living room consists of three concrete modules©Huaer Lin

较之于该地区常见的预制建造体系，如木屋和集装箱，三维打印混凝土墙体的空腔具有更优良的保温隔热性能。余留地设计团队希望为植树者创造有舒适度的临时栖息所，同时保持对沙漠自然力量的敬畏。最理想的是，当营地“过期”后，它能够复归于沙土，不留下有形的建筑垃圾。三维打印混凝土本质上是聚沙成塔，且较其它预制混凝土构件更易于优化体量，适应远程投放和快速组装，无需永久性、大开挖的地基。流线型的墙身设计有助于减少建筑的风阻，也力图使营地融入沙漠起伏的地景，采取一种与环境同频，而不是争奇的姿态。

Compared to common prefabricated systems in the region, such as wooden cabins or containers, the cavity walls of the 3D-printed concrete offer superior thermal insulation. designRESERVE sought to create a temporary habitat with comfort for the planters, while maintaining reverence for the desert’s natural forces. Ideally, when the camp reaches its end-of-life, it can return to the sand, leaving no physical construction waste. 3D-printed concrete is essentially a reconstitution of sand itself, and it is more amenable to volume optimization compared to other prefabricated concrete elements, suited for remote deployment and rapid assembly without the need for permanent, extensive excavations. The streamlined wall design helps reduce wind load and strives to integrate the camp into the undulating desert landscape, adopting a posture that harmonizes with the environment rather than competing with it.

▼平台上的室外淋浴，Outdoor shower on the deck©Huaer Lin

▼在平台上休息的植树者，Planters resting under the canopy©Huaer Lin

▼天蓬在混凝土墙上投下阴影，Canopy casting shadow on concrete surface©Huaer Lin

场地旁边自然形成的间歇性沙湖，源自附近贺兰山脉的地下水系。沙湖提供植树和人员驻留的清洁水源，建筑的选址也与其保持适宜的距离，并通过生物降解法集中处理下水。营地的其它辅助材料，门窗、管线和天幕都采用可逆的方式构造，尽可能降低对环境的侵扰，同时适应未来锁边林种植区域的转移。混凝土中空的高隔热性能结合遮阳网，使室内无需机械空调设备。国产高效光伏板为营地提供充足电力，额外蓄能还可以给新能源汽车充电，使项目具备了超低碳、自维持运行的条件。

▼营地装配过程图解，Diagram of 3D printing and assembling the camp©designRESERVE

The adjacent intermittent desert lake, fed by groundwater from the nearby Helan Mountains, provides a clean water source for planting and camp activities. The building maintains a prudent distance from the lake, and wastewater is treated centrally using a bio septic system. Other auxiliary materials for the rangers, including doors, windows, pipelines, and shades, employ reversible construction methods to minimize environmental impact and allow for future relocation as the desert-locking forest program expands. The high insulation properties of the hollow concrete walls, combined with the shade canopy, eliminate the need for mechanical air conditioning. Domestic made high-efficiency photovoltaic panels provide ample power for the camp. Surplus energy storage can also charge electrical vehicles, enabling zero-carbon, self-sustaining operation.

▼三维打印混凝土表面的阴影，Closeup view of the 3D-printed concrete©Ziwen Hu

设计优势

Design Benefits

“沙漠方舟”项目不仅服务于腾格里沙漠锁边生态公益基地的环保实践，也为阿拉善左旗的经济转型提供了一个新范式。该地区是内蒙古受沙漠化侵害最严重的牧场，也一直受退耕还林政策的影响而出现发展瓶颈。项目所服务的“种树植心”公益活动以可持续理念改善当地水土条件，吸引社会关注和共创，促进生态旅游，为牧区带来实惠和希望，提供更多元的就业与收入来源。项目的现场建造团队中，不仅包括锁边林员和志愿者，也有许多周边的原住牧民参与。未来，“沙漠方舟”将成为沙漠边缘社区与广大世界交流互动的媒介。

The “Desert Ark” project not only supports the ecological restoration of the Alxa Tennger Desert Ecology Fund but also offers a new paradigm for the economic transformation of Alxa Left Banner. This region, one of the most severely desertified pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia, has faced developmental bottlenecks due to policies like “Grain for Green.” The “Planting Trees, Planting Hearts” initiative that the project serves improves local soil and water conditions through sustainable principles, attracts social attention and co-creation, promotes ecotourism, and brings tangible benefits and hope to the pastoral area, providing more diverse employment and income sources. The on-site construction team included not only locking-forest rangers and volunteers but also many local herdsmen. In the future, the “Desert Ark” will become a medium for interaction between the desert fringe community and the wider world.

▼在沙漠方舟前工作的植树志愿者，Volunteers during fieldworks near Desert Ark©Huaer Lin

▼锁边林志愿者团队野外作业中，Operation of edge-locking forest near the site©ATDEF team

项目所具备的开创性价值，除了是中国首个在沙漠中采用三维打印混凝土技术完成的公共建筑案例，也因其所处的极端地理与气候条件，为人类探索适宜地外星球的建造技术提供了珍贵的实验样本。

The project’s groundbreaking value lies not only in being China’s first building case using 3D-printed concrete technology in the desert but also, due to its extreme geographical and climatic conditions, in providing a valuable experimental sample for humanity’s exploration of construction technologies suitable for extraterrestrial environments.

▼黄昏中的沙漠方舟，Campsite at dus©ATDEF team

▼夕阳下的沙漠方舟，Desert Ark during sunset© Yong Hu

▼夜空下的沙漠方舟，Desert Ark at night© Yong Hu

▼三种尺寸的单元体，Three types of units©designRESERVE

项目名称：沙漠方舟

业主: 腾格里沙漠锁边生态公益基地

地点: 内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟阿拉善左旗

项目类型: 公共建筑，文化建筑，可持续建筑，生态基础设施

项目面积: 150平方米

完成时间: 2025年5月

项目建筑师: 余留地

首席设计师: 宋方舟，岳峰

设计团队：黄景宁，许宴博

学术顾问：徐卫国教授

三维打印混凝土智能建造：无锡荷清数字建筑科技有限公司

三维打印团队：高远、崔方、林志鹏、敬一哲、毛宇轩

现场施工人员：吴向荣、王小明、郎海峰、陶德巴特尔、傅逸楠、刘兆金、陆明、祁成铎、戴兴茂、田海年、田培云、王肖义、俞兆燕、汤希庭、香中林、孙春花、桑会萍、运春来、曾德成、周新、屈大可、王金山、欧阳星雨

摄影师：种树植心团队，林画儿，胡子文团队

纪录片制作：贾慧敏，张思爽，胡子文，胡勇，任世瀚，郑伟波，方琰

材料：三维打印混凝土，塑化木地板，吹塑托盘，高强度纤维遮阴网，太阳能板，电池

Project Title：Desert Ark

Client：Alxa Tennger Desert Ecology Fund

Project Location：Alxa Left Banner, Inner Mongolia, China

Project Type：Public Building，Cultural Building，Sustainable Architecture，Green Infrastructure

Gross Area：150 Sqm

Completed Year：2025. 05

Project Architect：designRESERVE

Chief Designer：Fangzhou Lydia Song, Feng Yue

Design Team：Jingning Huang, Yanbo Xu

Technology Advisor：Prof. Weiguo Xu

3D-print Concrete Manufacturer：Wuxi Heqing Digital Construction Technology Co,.Ltd.

3D Printing Team：Yuan Gao, Fang Cui, Zhipeng Lin, Yixuan Jing, Yuxuan Mao

Construction Personnel：Xiangrong Wu, Xiaoming Wang, Haifeng Lang, Debater Tao, Yinan Fu, Zhaojin Liu, Ming Lu, Chengduo Qi, Xingmao Dai, Hainian Tian, Peiyun Tian, Xiaoyi Wang, Zhaoyan Yu, Xiting Tang, Zhonglin Xiang, Chunhua Sun, Huiping Sang, Chunlai Yun, Decheng Zeng, Xin Zhou, Dake Qu, Jinshan Wang, Xingyu Ouyang

Photographer：ATDEF team, Huaer Lin, Ziwen Hu, Yong Hu

Documentary Team：Huimin Jia, Sishuang Zhang, Ziwen Hu, Yong Hu, Shihan Ren, Weibo Zheng, Yan Fang

Materials：3D-printed concrete，Wood-plastic composite floor，Cargo pallets, High-strength fiber shading net，Solar Panel，Battery