对万神殿的介入丨意大利罗马丨STARTT（Simone Capra等）

▼项目概览，overview of the project © Alessandro Penso

意大利建筑史学家 Mario Manieri Elia 曾将万神殿的形象——由希腊神庙的大理石门廊与伊特鲁里亚—罗马传统的混凝土穹顶圆柱体结合而成——视为罗马国家观念的体现，这一观念建立在希腊文化与罗马技术的结合之上。至少从这一时刻起，建筑已不再只是一个纯粹的建造问题：空间形式的设计成为传达集体生活价值的媒介。也正因如此，万神殿成为世界上最著名的建筑之一——作为一座独立存在的纪念性建筑，以其自足的形态被不断再现与叙述。

Mario Manieri Elia, renowned historian of Italian architecture, described the image of the Pantheon—resulting from the union of the marble front of a Greek temple and the concrete vaulted cylinder of Etrusco-Roman origin—as an embodiment of the idea of the Roman State, founded on the union between Greek culture and Roman technique. At least from this moment onward, architecture could no longer be reduced to a purely constructive problem: the design of spatial forms became a medium through which the values of collective life are communicated. It is also for this reason that the Pantheon stands among the most famous architecture in the world—an icon represented and narrated in its autonomous condition as an isolated monument.

▼建筑外观，building appearance © Alessandro Penso

由意大利文化部推动、根据 STARTT 设计并新近完成的工程，如今向公众开放了这座著名圆形大厅（Rotunda）背后的考古区域，使原本仅用于技术功能的空间得以进入公众视野。通过一条全新的参观路径，STARTT 的项目使观者能够感知万神殿曾经的角色：这一纪念性建筑曾是一个纵向城市系统的起点，该系统穿越整个街区，一直延伸至今日的 Largo Argentina——在意大利王国时期的拆除工程之前，尚未将该建筑孤立出来（当时的目的正是将其转变为维托里奥·埃马努埃莱二世的陵墓）。

New works, recently completed, promoted by the Italian Ministry of Culture, and carried out to a design by STARTT, now opens to the public the archaeological area behind the celebrated Rotunda, making accessible spaces that had previously been reserved for technical functions. Through a new visitor route, the project by STARTT makes the former role of the Pantheon perceivable to the visitor: the monument was the head of a longitudinal urban system extending across the city block up to what is now Largo Argentina —prior to the demolitions undertaken during the Kingdom of Italy, which isolated the monument with the specific purpose of transforming it into the mausoleum of King Vittorio Emanuele II.

▼建筑外围，the exterior of the building © Alessandro Penso

因此，我们今日所见的万神殿可以被视为一种“现代的发明”；而奥古斯都时期的万神殿则是三个要素的统一：希腊式前厅（pronaos）、圆形大厅，以及其背后的城市及其制度。紧邻万神殿之后的是海神巴西利卡（Basilica of Neptune），其遗迹正是在这些“孤立化”工程中被重新发掘。

The Pantheon as we see it today may therefore be considered as a modern invention, whereas the Augustan Pantheon was the union of three elements: the Greek pronaos, the Rotunda, and the city behind it with its institutions. Immediately behind the Pantheon stood the Basilica of Neptune, whose remains were brought to light precisely during these works of isolation.

▼室内概览，overview of the interior© Alessandro Penso

如今向公众开放的空间，由连接圆形大厅与巴西利卡遗址的扶壁所界定。这些空间中包含圣母殉道者教堂（Basilica of Santa Maria ad Martyres）的小礼拜堂——其中保存着罗马最早的拜占庭圣像——以及万神殿各个历史阶段的建筑构成片段和海神神庙的遗存。新的参观路径强化了夹置于圆形大厅与海神后殿圆体之间的罗马空间性，并通过扶壁的结构节奏加以组织。

The spaces now accessible to the public are defined by the buttresses that connect the Rotunda to the ruins of the Basilica. They host the chapel of the Basilica of Santa Maria ad Martyres, which preserves the earliest Byzantine icon in Rome, as well as fragments of the architectural fabric from the various historical phases of the Pantheon and remains of the Basilica of the god of the sea. The new visitor route enhances the Roman spatiality compressed between the cylinder of the Rotunda and that of Neptune’s apse, and articulated by the structural rhythm of the buttresses.

▼过渡空间，transition space© Alessandro Penso

STARTT 的项目在这两条相互对比的曲线之间展开，通过克制而审慎的介入方式，力求尊重古老材料的原真性。设计由一系列最小化的元素——“微型建筑”——构成，这些元素以差异性清晰呈现：空间的特质在经当代工艺处理的钢板与古罗马砖石和混凝土之间的关系中得以显现。

STARTT’s project operates on this space between two contrasting curves through measured interventions that are thought to be respectful of the ancient materiality. The project is composed of minimal elements—micro-architectures—clearly recognizable by difference: the character of the space emerges from the relationship between steel plates, treated according to contemporary production processes, and the brickwork and concrete of ancient Rome.

▼钢板与古罗马砖石和混凝土，steel plates and the brickwork and concrete © Alessandro Penso

在新增元素中，一部被构想为雕塑性整体体量的电梯，为人们通往这些空间的上层提供了通道。在那里，文化部在 Luca Mercuri 的指导下，设置了一套关于该纪念性建筑历史的多媒体展示系统。

Among the new elements, an elevator conceived as a sculptural monolith provides access to the upper level of these spaces, where the Ministry of Culture, under the direction of Luca Mercuri, has realized a multimedia set-up devoted to the history of the monument.

▼一部被构想为雕塑性整体体量的电梯，an elevator conceived as a sculptural monolith © Alessandro Penso

▼材料细部，metrical detail © Alessandro Penso

STARTT 对适应性再利用的处理，构建了一条对所有使用者开放的包容性路径，同时在整个场地中保持非侵入性，使该项目成为当代建筑服务于考古遗址的一次实践。

STARTT’s approach to adaptive reuse defines an inclusive route that is accessible to all users while remaining non-invasive across the site, positioning the project as an intervention of contemporary architecture in service of archaeology.

▼轴测图，axonometric diagram © STARTT

▼新的访问路径，NEW ACCESSES AND VISIT PATH© STARTT

▼平面，floor plan © STARTT

Year PROJECT 2020 – REALIZATION 2025

Place Pantheon, Rome

Client MIC, Ministero della Cultura, Repubblica Italiana

Direttore Generale Musei dott. Massimo Osanna, Direttore Polo Museale del Lazio (2020 – 2021) Dott.ssa Edith Gabrielli, Direttore del Pantheon dott. Luca Mercuri, Direttore Musei Statali della città di Roma (2021 – 2024) Mariastella Margozzi, Direttore del Pantheon arch. Gabriella Musto, RUP. Arch. Antonio Zunno. Direttore Pantheon e Castel Sant’Angelo – Direttore Musei Nazionali della città di Roma (2024- ), Dott. Luca Mercuri.

PROJECT

Architectural design STARTT

Simone Capra, Claudio Castaldo, Dario Scaravelli

team SM Ingegneria – Prof. Claudio Modena (strutture) IPM ingegneria (impianti)

REALIZATION

Work Supervisor architect Gabriella Musto (MIC)

Construction Supervision Office: STARTT (architecture), SM Ingegneria – Prof. Claudio Modena (structure) IPM ingegneria (systems)

Works S.A.C. Società Appalti e Costruzioni S.p.A.

Project Manager: Architect Adriano Draghini

Construction Manager: Architect Tommaso Fersini

PHOTO CREDITS Alessandro Penso

Courtesy of Direzione Musei Nazionali della città di Roma – Pantheon