Appreciation towards Jinjing Yu for providing the following description:

英国建筑联盟学院

Architectural Association, Emergent Technologies & Design,Thesis

研究团队：俞金晶，马也旻，Cagla Gurbay,  Prajish Vinayak

Architecture’s primary purpose is sheltering while maintaining human comfort within surrounding circumstances. In the case of human comfort, continuous change of natural and man-made parameters at different scales creates the necessity of dynamic response. Being designed for generating solutions, air conditioning systems controlling isolated inner spaces were a significant method until today. In light of conducted methods and techniques such as optimization through computational fluid dynamics, natural ventilation rate calculations, this dissertation suggests wind-induced cross ventilation as better alternative in manipulating interior microclimates in response to occupancy fluxes. The argument presented here investigates an envelope generated through evolutionary form-finding.and is overlaid with an hybrid dynamic component system which together delivers a holistic performance driven architecture.

In specific climate conditions, human comfort can be achieved by natural ventilation through utilizing envelope as a responsive interface. The methodology for achieving this goal aimed to get benefit from current knowledge on aerodynamics and development of a dynamic component system works with these principles to enhance the human comfort. The type of research is quantitative. The project sought to unite the architectural, environmental and structural performance of the design through the introduced methodology. Natural ventilation principles method enhanced the knowledge on the basic notions and concepts of wind-induced cross ventilation. The mathematical formulations of  these principles were noted down to be used in generation and evaluation of the design development steps. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method formed the basis of the project. This method was including the physical air flow imitation through computation and was utilized when simulation of air behaviour needed. Evolutionary computation drew upon the strategies derived from CFD trends. Mimic the emergent aspect of nature through computational process was the underlying methodology in form-finding process of the design. Finite Element Analysis is based on computational process of unitizing a domain system with regard to solve complex problems. The method calibrated global geometry, physical and aerodynamic restrictions of component and global structural performance in design experiments. Computational Control System consisted of the sensory tools and computational rule-based system. The method efforted to control material phenomena dynamically for heterogenous instant needs of different space qualities. Hybrid material system method included the possible application of plywood and SMA wires.

建筑形态进化_遗传算法：

在自然界中，自下而上的涌现现象通常是形式出现的原始策略。压力诱导自然通风作为遗传算法的准则，用于结合涌现和行为演化。以一个简单的形态作为开始，根据预先确定的信息开始发育演化。在我们的案例中被定义为三个不同的空间形态，根据压力的不同，组织空间结合方式以及形态的逐步演化的过程为进化过程.系统的复杂性不单来自单个组件的复杂性同时包括复杂的规则设定.在生物学中，这种规则被命名为基因组的行为，在内部和外部因素共同作用下，进化的基因组是通过突变和自然选择以实现更高的效率和更好的表现。

EVOLUTIONARY FORM-FINDING

The suitable bottom-up approach of emergence phenomena in natural systems is the driving strategy for the form-finding method of the thesis. Evolutionary computation is the method for combining the aspects of emergence and its performative evaluation which in this case in terms of pressure induced natural ventilation. Emergence begins with a simple cell. According to a pre-determined information, the cell development emerges. In our case, the cell is defined as the set organisation of three volumes. The initial cell was developed by the steps of angularity of the form and orientation of organisation of the three volumes together for pressure difference efficiency. Complexity of the system is derived not from complexity of the components but the complexity of rule sets. This rule set is named as genome, and the operations are the genes in biology. The evolution of the genomes is through the mutations and natural selection that are happened for achieving higher efficiency for specific external and internal factors. The concept is set the base of computational computation. Degradation of basic biological evolution components; genotype (operations) and phenotype (outputs) enables computing both the generation process and evaluation of the performance of the forms.

The genes used in generating populations was editing operation of the control points of initial form and morphing the surface. Five populations were created through cross breeding the genes with insertion of new genes and also mutating the original genes. Each form generated was inputted into a Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to evaluate its performance in ventilation flow rate and turbulence intensity. The evaluation criteria was aiming to achieve higher pressure differential in accordance with an unidirectional wind of 6 m/s as to increase the flow rates inside the volumes when openings were placed on the surface. The second fitness criteria was to minimize the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) on the sides and leeward side of the form to make the outflow of air in the outlets to not be disrupted by the eddie turbulences formed due to shape of the external form. As a result three high ranking performative forms were shortlisted as potential candidate forms for being selected with different conditions of specific interest or as per plinth area or volume requirements defined by site or program.

复合材料的组件特性：

15cm的形状记忆合金在500至800度的热处理下得到具有1/2圈， 3/4圈和整圈曲率的初始形态 。此外，根据杨氏模量的物理方程，促使变形的应力与弯曲曲率的胶合板长度变化是成正比的。同时截面积的大小取决于切割图案的密度及厚度除以胶合板的原始长度。通过进行不同的切割模式试验，预测在现实情况下，想要实现弯曲形状需要约直径为0.8 mm的4条形状记忆合金串联，并与6毫米的胶合板结合。

MATERIALITY OF THE COMPONENT SYSTEM

The dynamic part of the component was derived from the concept of flower petals which have an overlapping area that could be used to prevent the vibration caused by the wind. The composite part of the dynamic “petals” consisted of a plywood layer which was with flexing cut pattern. Two sets of shape memory alloy wires that respectively control the opening and closure of the petals was wrapped with the insulation sleeves. The wires were connected to the low voltage power supply and attached to the plywood layers through a thin silicon patch which blocked the opening areas of the patterns while insulating the heat generated by the electric.

The 150 mm shape memory alloy was heat treated under 500-800 degree to get an initial shape of curvatures of half circle, a 3/4 circle and a whole circle [Figure 8]. Moreover, according to the physical equation, the force that makes the plywood to deform equals the change in length of the plywood which is determined by the bending curvature times the Young’s Modulus. It was determined by the density of the cut pattern times the cross section area. The cross section area was determined by the thickness of the plywood divided by the original length. Through the different cut pattern, more curved shape was achieved and it was predicted that about 16 pieces of shape memory alloy with 0.8 mm diameter made the 6 mm plywood to bend to the desired curved shape under real circumstances.