自然既是“天然和非人为”，也是“本性和自由”。西方学者以人为干预为标准，将自然划分为第一自然与第二自然两个层级；马克思主义哲学认为，第一自然是自然物，第二自然是人类生产实践活动形成的人化自然物。后来，随着社会发展，作为西方统治权力以及社会文化象征的园林逐渐成为“第三自然”。我国学者基本认同上述观点，但却也指出，中国的第三自然（也即园林）与西方相比，从历史产生至发展演变均有不同的含义。中国的第三自然是崇尚大山大河等第一自然而妙造产生的艺术结晶，与西方模仿农业生产等第二自然而产生的自然存在一定区别。当前，面对人民群众对美好生活环境需求的日益增加，生态文明背景下的自然有别于传统的“第三自然”，是进化过程中的“人与自然和谐共生”的自然，可作为一种“第四自然”。在这一自然过程中，人既与自然相互对等，又包含在大自然观范畴之内。自然相对于人而存在，自然是包含人的自然，没有人的自然不具任何意义。因此，关于保护地景观的设计，既是自然的设计，也同时具备“社会性”、“文化性”等人文设计基本属性。

▼自然保护地局部，Part of Nature Reserve

Nature is not only “natural and inhuman”, but also “nature and freedom”. Western scholars take human intervention as the standard and divide nature into two levels: first nature and second nature. Marxist philosophy holds that the first nature is a natural object, and the second nature is a humanized natural object formed by human production and practice. Later, with the development of society, gardens, as a symbol of western ruling power and social culture, gradually became the “third nature”. Chinese scholars generally agree with the above views, but they also point out that Chinese nature and western nature have different meanings from historical generation to development and evolution. The third nature in China is the artistic crystallization produced by advocating the first natural and wonderful creation such as mountains and big rivers, which is different from the second nature produced by western imitation. At present, in the face of the people’s increasing demand for a better living environment, nature under the background of ecological civilization is different from the traditional “third nature”, which is the “harmonious coexistence of man and nature” in the process of evolution, and can be regarded as a “fourth nature”. In this natural process, human beings are not only equal to nature, but also included in the category of the great view of nature. Nature exists in relation to man, nature is a nature that includes man, and nature without man has no meaning. Therefore, the design of nature should also have the basic attributes of “sociality”, “culture” and other humanistic design.

项目地点位于长沟泉水国家湿地公园中的四个岛屿。这个四个岛主要由周边村庄拆迁过程中产生的建筑垃圾堆砌而成，项目场地现状是一片杂乱的杨树林与竹林，杂草丛生，场地内郁闭度低。设计团队基于前期广泛的自然保护地项目研究，对设计地块进行了综合评估得出：①保护地拥有的河流湿地、沼泽湿地、湖库湿地和稻田湿地景观价值非常高；②设计地块不适宜开展大规模游憩活动，但鼓励人们主动而自觉有序的参与场地活动；③设计师对地块进行设计时，应该持有一种自然而然、潜移默化的态度，人应该成为场地自然过程中的一个个体，人在场地发生的行为应该符合自然生态过程。

▼拆迁剩余废弃材料堆垒的人工岛屿，To remove the artificial islands piled up with residual waste materials

The project site is located on four islands in changgou spring water national wetland park. The four islands are mainly piled up by construction waste generated in the demolition process of surrounding villages. The current situation of the project site is a jumble of poplar and bamboo forests with overgrown weeds and low canopy density. The design team conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the design plot based on the extensive nature reserve project research in the early stage, and concluded that: ① The river wetland, marsh wetland, lake wetland and rice field wetland landscape values of the protected land are very high; ② The design plot is not suitable for large-scale recreational activities, but encourages people to actively and consciously participate in the site activities in an orderly manner; ③ When designing the plot, the designer should hold a natural and imperceptible attitude. People should become an individual in the natural process of the site, and their behaviors in the site should conform to the natural ecological process.

基于上述分析，设计团队做了大量关于“自然”、“生态”类设计案例研究与实地调研。然而，太多的案例证明，景观设计师精心设计的那些看似非常自然的景观，背后都需要大量的人力、物力去维持，维护成本甚至高于一个园林化的公园绿地。这其实也间接证明，景观设计师或许并不容易设计出自然化的景观。为此，我们组建了涵盖风景园林学、生态学、林学、文化社会学、农林经济管理等更加多学科的设计团队，其中生态学包含了湿地生态学、森林生态学、生态管理学等众多学科背景的专家；林学也包含了森林培育学、森林经理学、森林保护学等诸多学科专家。希望通过跨学科的方式，为解决自然设计难题做出一些探索，当然最终结果可能是，设计师或人类可能无法设计出真正自然化的景观。但这种探索依然被需要。

通过多方讨论，我们将自然保护地景观的设计看作是一种“人参与自然过程”的设计、一种“人与自然关系”的设计，将更多的注意力放在“参与”、“关系”和“过程”层面，将设计的态度定义为“参与”，而非“主导”，有意识的降低对设计结果的注意。通过借鉴起源于森林、湿地等自然资源领域的“生态系统管理”理论，结合风景园林学科特点与规划设计属性，提出了一个更为综合的参与式设计理念——“参与自然过程的设计”，这个“参与”不单指利益相关方的参与，也指作为自然个体的人这个群体的参与。该理念强调尊重、谦逊的参与态度，强调设计过程中的自然而然，旨在为场地植物的生长、材料的腐蚀以及人的行为活动预留时间与空间，让人自觉而主动地参与自然过程。可以说，这种参与自然的方式，是一种更为适宜，或者诗意的方式。

▼善待自然，并尊重自然的生长，Be kind to nature and respect its growth

Based on the above analysis, the design team has done a lot of case studies and field research on “natural” and “ecological” design. However, too many cases prove that the landscape designers carefully designed those seemingly very natural landscape, behind the need for a large number of manpower, material resources to maintain, maintenance cost is even higher than a garden park green space. This is also an indirect proof that landscape architects may not be easy to design natural landscape. For this reason, we have established a design team covering landscape architecture, ecology, forestry, cultural sociology, agricultural and forestry economic management and other disciplines. Forest science also includes many experts in forest cultivation, forest management and forest protection. The hope is to make some explorations to solve the problems of natural design in an interdisciplinary way. Of course, the final result may be that designers or humans may not be able to design truly natural landscapes. But such exploration is still needed.

Through discussion, we will be natural protected area landscape design as a kind of “people involved in the natural process of design, a kind of relation between man and nature” and “design, focus more on” participation “, “relationship” and “process” level, the attitude of design are defined as the “participation”, rather than the “dominant”, consciously to reduce the attention of the design results. Through using originated in the field of natural resources such as forests, wetland ecosystem management theory, combining with the characteristics of landscape architecture discipline and planning and design attributes, put forward a more comprehensive participatory design concept, involved in the design of the natural process, the “participation” not only refers to the participation of stakeholders, also refers to as natural individuals involved in this group. The concept emphasizes respect and humble attitude of participation, reserving space for plant growth, material corrosion and human behavior, so that people can consciously and actively participate in the natural process. Of course, this way of participating in nature is a more appropriate, or poetic way.

与大部分自然保护地景观设计相比，项目的目的并非营建一处所谓“自然化”的景观，而是试图在设计地块构建一种参与自然过程的的认知体系与管理体系。这一认知与管理，强调对人的再认识与自我管理，而非针对自然。在这一层面，参与自然过程的设计也就是设计中的“自然而然”。设计策略涵盖了如何以谦逊的态度，参与自然资源保护与修复、游憩设施建造、公共空间营建、科学研究、野生动物栖息地管理、景观评价以及规划设计评估等。在实践层面具体包括： （1）综合考虑与自然保护地景观相关的各类生态系统影响（包括湿地生态系统、森林生态系统等），注重管理目标的长期性与过程可持续性； （2）重视区域内利益相关方的需求特性与行为习惯； （3）设计的过程就是再认识的过程，允许多种利用方式参与保护地景观的设计与管理，但需做好约束； （4）注重科学技术支撑，加强与战略规划、管理利用以及政策制定过程的协调； （5）考虑景观设计与过程管理可能带来的潜在效益，注重自然演变过程中景观的变化性及趋势，认识效益的滞后性。

▼让时光慢下来的景观，A landscape that seems to slow down time