《What's Out There 文化景观指南》——美国五大城市景观遗产的在线探索

“由文化景观基金会和国家公园管理局共同出品的“What’s Out There文化景观指南”提供了全面且吸引人的在线公共资源。设计精良的网站将带领观众游历美国五大城市的丰富景观遗产，并鼓励大众了解和探索身边值得注意的设计场所，同时提供其设计者和远见者的相关介绍。该系列指南通过丰富的图像和文字逆转了景观设计往往被大众所忽略的现状，同时强调了景观设计和景观设计师对于改善美国城市生活质量的重要影响。”

– 2019年评审委员会

“Created by a partnership of the Cultural Landscape Foundation and the National Park Service, the What’s Out There Cultural Landscapes Guides are an extraordinarily comprehensive and compelling online public resource. The well-designed website leads the visitor through the broader legacy of five city landscapes, describes and directs people to significant designed places in the community, and introduces the designers and visionaries who created them. The guides counter the reality that landscape architecture has too often been undervalued in the public mind by demonstrating through a rich collection of images and text the impact of landscape architecture and landscape architects on the quality of American urban life.”

– 2019 Awards Jury

ASLA

The Cultural Landscape Foundation

项目概述PROJECT STATEMENT

What’s Out There文化景观指南是文化景观基金会“What’s Out There数据库”的衍生品，巧妙地展示了美国最大的五个东海岸城市所具有的景观遗产。该指南是文化景观基金会与国家公园管理局合作出品，向公众免费开放，每份在线指南均包含数十个场地及其设计者的相关文章，同时提供视觉效果极佳且持续扩充的数字目录，使用者可按类型（例如街区公园）、风格（例如现代主义）、主题（例如城市更新）和名录（例如国家历史地标）进行检索。出品这一系列指南的目的在于扩大景观设计的传统受众，让每个场地都能够通过阐释性的新视角得到分类和认知，同时强调出它们与更宏观的文化和历史主题之间的联系。这些指南还可以与文化景观基金会（TCLF）网站中的海量内容无缝连接，或与GPS交互地图相结合——这不仅为数字原住民提供了极大的便利，还能够鼓励大家走出家门，亲自踏上城市环境的探索之旅。

An outgrowth of The Cultural Landscape Foundation’s What’s Out There database, the What’s Out There Cultural Landscapes Guides artfully present the landscape legacy of five of the nation’s great East Coast cities. Produced in partnership with the National Park Service and offered free to the public, each online guide includes essays on scores of sites and their designers, comprising a visually engaging and constantly expanding digital inventory of landscapes searchable by type (e.g. Neighborhood Park), style (e.g., Modernist), theme (e.g., Urban Renewal), and designation (e.g., National Historic Landmark). Meant to broaden the traditional audience for landscape architecture, the guides allow the sites to be grouped and understood through new interpretive lenses, highlighting their connections to larger cultural and historical themes. The guides are also seamlessly linked to myriad related content on TCLF’s website and are integrated with GPS-enabled, interactive maps, making them especially useful to digital-native users and encouraging exploration of the urban environment on foot.

▲网站首页：What’s Out There文化景观指南（纽约）的主页采用大尺寸的滚动横幅，作为TCLF与NPS合作出品的五份在线指南的开篇。Welcome Home: With its large-format, scrolling banner images, the homepage of the What’s Out There Cultural Landscapes Guide to New York City announces one of five online guides produced by TCLF in partnership with the National Park Service.

项目说明PROJECT NARRATIVE

2009年，文化景观基金会（TCLF）发布了“What’s Out There”（WOT），一个免费、可搜索、提供丰富图解且经过细致审查的关于美国历史景观的在线数据库。WOT数据库历经成长，已囊括2000多个场地的描述、1000多个设计者的资料以及12000多张图像，并在每周对内容进行更新。该数据库还针对手持设备进行了优化，提供一项名为“查看附近”（What’s Nearby）的GPS功能，可以在用户自定义的半径距离内定位所有数据库中包含的场地。

作为WOT数据库的直接衍生品，What’s Out There文化景观指南展示了全美五个大城市的景观遗产。该指南由文化景观基金会（TCLF）和国家公园管理局（NPS）东北区域办事处共同制作，旨在庆祝NPS成立100周年（NPS于1916年《组织法》通过之际成立）。指南中涵盖的城市包括费城（2016年3月）、纽约（2016年10月）、波士顿（2017年5月）、里士满（2017年6月）和巴尔的摩（2019年2月）。

每份在线指南均包含场地及其设计者的介绍文章（最初为50篇，文章数量在不断增长），同时提供视觉效果极佳且持续扩充的数字目录，使用者可按类型（例如街区公园、风景保护区）、风格（例如现代主义、如画派）、主题（例如城市更新、自然保护）和名录（例如国家历史地标、国家自然地标）进行检索。TCLF和国家公园管理局（NPS）东北区域办事处在密切的合作下制定了一系列指南，对每个选定城市中的各类景观进行了识别、研究、记录和审查。在NPS和TCLF工作人员的建议下，众多兼职者开展了现场作业和研究，以完成与被选中场地的历史、设计和现状相关的原始文献以及设计者的个人传记。

这些文章（与What’s Out There数据库完全链接）还附有用于阐释景观设计特征以及设计者相关作品的当代照片。此外，每个城市中的场地都可以通过交互式地图呈现出来，并与TCLF最新开发的“查看附近”功能相链接。附近的场地会以彩色标出，使用者可以在自定义的距离范围内查看景观。用户还能以10分钟、20分钟或30分钟的步行时间（约等于0.5英里、1英里和1.5英里的距离）为增量对附近的景观进行筛选，从而有效增强了指南的实际作用，鼓励使用者以步行的方式探索城市环境。

出了互动功能以外，每份指南还包括一篇综述性的文章，涵盖并编录了该城市几个世纪以来的文化景观遗产，并通过丰富的地图、资料图片和当代照片加以阐释。这些介绍性的文章提供了当地城市从起源到现状的历史框架，详述了其发展历程。指南还简要地介绍了NPS的发展史，并在此范围内确定了数个能够传达文化景观的主题，然后根据这些主题对场地列表进行分类，例如自然保护、生活和文化组织、交通和工业、城市塑造及规划、城市更新、爱国主义、文物保护和娱乐休闲等；此外还可以根据NPS指定的名单来划分，例如国家历史性场所名录、国家历史地标和国家自然地标等。这些场地的历史意义还会在每份指南的专门网页中进行阐释。

除了大规模扩展用户友好的“What’s Out There”交互式数据库之外，该系列指南还特别强调了公园、遗产区和城市中的历史遗产地的多样性、互联性和重要性，这也体现了NPS和TCLF在扩大服务和受众范围方面所做的努力。事实上，What’s Out There文化景观指南旨在让NPS的“城市议程”变得更加完善，从而吸引更多元的21世纪美国公民的参与。“城市议程”受3个原则主导：关乎每位美国公民；促进NPS公园、服务计划以及合作关系的联结；通过内部和外部的合作服务社区。考虑到三分之一的NPS场地都位于大都市区域，此项议程将不断致力于提高城市景观的关注度并促进当地合作。

指南对于广泛主题的运用在上述方面显得尤其重要。虽然WOT数据库早已明确了每处景观的类型和风格，但根据主题来对景观进行进一步分类能够确保更多的受众从其他阐释性的角度参与到内容当中。举例来说，当使用者检索“生活和文化组织”等关键词，将会看到与民权运动或者LGBTQ历史相关的景观列表，例如纽约的克里斯托弗公园、里士满的Frederick Douglass法院，或者波士顿的非裔美国人历史和文化国家博物馆。

除了景观方面的信息，该指南还为各类先锋设计师的生活和职业生涯提供了更多机会。在纽约市指南发布期间，Allison Meier在其为《Hyperallergic》编写的报道中写到：“（指南）是一个有趣的工具，能够帮助探索景观设计背后的人物，尤其是女性人物。例如，在布朗克斯的纽约植物园内，Beatrix Farrand设计了一处玫瑰园；Ellen Shipman设计了多年生植物的边界环绕带；还有Marian Coffin设计的针叶植物园。所有的这些场地，不论是Little Neck的观鸟胜地Udall’s Park Preserve，还是原先被作为墓地的曼哈顿James J. Walker公园，它们都是不断发展的城市景观遗产地的一部分。”

作为数字媒体，该系列指南完全向公众免费开放，并将随着新景观和新设计者的发现和增加而不断扩展其内容。因而，它们也是学生、教育从业者、研究者、专业设计者、遗址旅行者以及普通公众可以免费获得的资源。指南还与WOT数据库及其GPS移动界面建立了链接，从而能够吸引到新的受众（尤其是习惯在数字平台和线上环境中获取信息的用户），与他们就国家景观遗址进行互动交流——这也是TCLF和NPS的一个共同目标。

每份指南的发布均由TCLF的宣传总监和NPS的工作人员共同完成。本此倡议已经在TCLF活动季的印刷出版物中进行宣布，并将每个被选城市的本地媒体作为主要的宣传渠道。此外，TCLF还借助其3万多订阅用户、7万多名社交媒体关注者以及范围广泛的教育文化机构联盟完成了指南的推广。最重要的是，这些指南将永久性地留在TCLF的网站上（2018年的页面浏览数超过120万次），并将与其他各类相关内容无缝连接，同时保持更新和扩展。2018年， TCLF的网站被全球网格（Global Grid）列为十大景观设计网站之一，并将指南作为组织的发展计划之一。

▲网站布局：网站主页全面地介绍了指南中包含的丰富内容，并提供层次清晰的信息和解说链接，从而带来顺畅的浏览体验。Lay of the Land: The homepage gives a comprehensive overview of the array of rich content featured in the guide, presenting a clear information hierarchy and illustrated links for easy navigation.

▲NPS简介：每份指南均简要地介绍了美国国家公园管理局从1916年成立到发展至今的历史。The NPS in Brief: Each guide presents a brief history of the National Park Service, from its early formation in 1916 to its most recent history.

▲大尺寸照片：每份指南都包含一篇介绍该城市景观遗产的综述性文章，并配有地图、资料图片和当代照片。 这些文章提供了城市从起源到现状的历史框架，详述了其发展历程。The Bigger Picture: Each guide also includes an overarching essay on the city’s landscape legacy, illustrated with maps, archival images, and contemporary photographs. These introductory essays frame the city’s landscape history from its earliest beginnings, charting its growth to the present.

▲内容筛选：每份指南中包含的景观都可以按照类型（例如街区公园）、风格（例如现代主义）、主题（例如城市更新）和名录（例如国家历史地标）进行检索。上图显示的是波士顿指南中的前16个景观（共61个）。Sorting Things Out: The landscapes within each guide can be sorted by type (e.g. Neighborhood Park), style (e.g., Modernist), theme (e.g., Urban Renewal), and designation (e.g., National Historic Landmark). Shown here are the first 16 (of 61) landscapes in the Boston guide.

▲新的主题：由NPS建立的独特主题（例如自然保护、生活和文化组织、交通和工业等）使更多读者得以通过额外的阐释性角度来了解和欣赏这些景观。New Themes: The unique themes established for these NPS guides (i.e., Nature Conservation, Lifeways and Cultural Associations, Transportation and Industry, etc.) allow a wider audience to engage with the landscapes through additional interpretative lenses.

▲生成景观历史：指南中介绍的每个景观均配有一篇记录其历史、设计和现状的文章，并附带可全屏显示的相册、GPS交互地图以及各种相关内容。Making Landscape History: Each landscape featured in the guides is presented with an essay that records its history, design, and current condition; each essay is accompanied by a gallery of images (that expand full-screen), an interactive, GPS-enabled map, and myriad related content.

▲全面的信息：每篇文章都附带下拉菜单，提供与该景观的类型、风格和设计者相关的链接。菜单还与词汇列表相连，提供相关术语的释义和其他背景资料。It’s All Related: The drop-down menus that accompany each landscape essay provide further links related to its type, style, and designer. The former connect, in turn, to a glossary with definitions and additional background information.

▲开创者相册：指南中还介绍了相关作品的设计者和开创者，其肖像按照字幕顺序排列在相册中。每张肖像均连接至个人简介，提供了其生活和职业生涯的关键点。Pioneers’ Gallery: Landing pages for the designers and shapers whose work is featured in the guides show their portraits arranged alphabetically. Each portrait is linked to a biographical profile that gives key details about the individual’s life and career.

▲详细介绍：网站还提供设计者经历、职业和主要成就的详细介绍。例：景观设计师Harriet Pattison的资料显示其最成为了ASLA会员。High Profiles: The designers’ biographical profiles, which are updatable, give a concise account of the individual’s life, career, and major accomplishments. The profile for landscape architect Harriet Pattison, for example, notes her recent induction as a Fellow of the ASLA.

▲特写：每位设计师的媒体库都包含了数张高分辨率的场地照片，用以展示其设计思路。某些案例中还包括与建筑设计师共同在现场拍摄的短篇（上图显示的是Freedoms公园）。Close-Ups: Each designer’s Media Gallery includes several high-resolution site photographs, demonstrating their design intent. In some cases (as with Four Freedoms Park, shown here) a video clip, produced on site with the landscape architect, is also included.

▲相关作品：每位设计师的个人简介旁边都附有下拉菜单，可查看该设计师的所有相关作品。如上图所示的Jacques-Henri-Auguste Gréber的个人页面，显示了他在费城设计的四个景观项目。A Body of Work: A drop-down menu beside each biographical profile presents (and links to) the designer’s “Related Landscapes” in the What’s Out There database, as shown here with Jacques-Henri-Auguste Gréber, who is featured in the Philadelphia guide along with four Philadelphia-area landscapes.

▲深入探索：如需获取指南中的景观和设计者的完整资料，用户可以从WOT数据库中搜索结果并获取Excel电子表格，这对于研究人员和遗产地旅行者而言无疑是一个非常理想的功能。A Deeper Dive: To obtain a fuller contextual record of the landscapes and designers featured in the guide, users can download search results from the WOT database in the form of an Excel spreadsheet, an ideal feature for researchers and heritage travelers.

▲定位！定位！定位：指南中包含的所有景观都会在交互式地图上展现出来。用户可以通过这些定位点来预览这些景观的照片和文章链接，还可以自行选择地图定位的半径距离。Location! Location! Location!: All of the landscapes featured in a given guide are displayed as points on an interactive map. The location pins, when engaged, give a preview image of the landscape and a link to its essay. The maps are customizable to any radius.

▲查看附近：这些景观还可与基于GPS定位的“查看附近”功能相链接。使用者可以在自定义的距离范围内查看景观。地图中的同心圆代表了10分钟、20分钟或30分钟的步行距离。What’s Nearby? The landscapes are also linked to the GPS-enabled “What’s Nearby?” feature, which locates them within a customizable distance from each other or from the user’s current location. Using concentric circles, the maps also display walking distances of 10, 20, or 30 minutes.

PROJECT NARRATIVE

In 2009 The Cultural Landscape Foundation (TCLF) launched What’s Out There (WOT), a free, searchable, illustrated, and carefully vetted online database of the nation’s historic designed landscapes. The WOT database has grown to include more than 2,000 site descriptions, 1,000 designer profiles, and 12,000 images, with new sites, images, and profiles added weekly. The database is also optimized for handheld devices and includes a feature called What’s Nearby, a GPS-enabled function that locates all sites in the database within a customizable radius of the user.

A direct outgrowth of the WOT database, the What’s Out There Cultural Landscapes Guides present the landscape legacy of five of the nation’s great cities. The online guides were produced by TCLF and the National Park Service (NPS) Northeast Regional Office to celebrate the NPS’ 100th anniversary (the NPS was founded with the passage of the Organic Act of 1916). The partnership has produced guides to Philadelphia (March 2016), New York City (October 2016), Boston (May 2017), Richmond (June 2017), and Baltimore (February 2019).

Each online guide includes essays (initially 50, but ever-growing in number) on sites and their designers, comprising a visually engaging, digital inventory of cultural landscapes searchable by type (e.g. Neighborhood Park, Scenic Reservation), style (e.g., Modernist, Picturesque), theme (e.g., Urban Renewal, Nature Conservation), and designation (e.g., National Historic Landmark, National Natural Landmark). TCLF and the NPS Northeast Regional Office have worked together closely to produce the guides, identifying, researching, documenting, and vetting a varied collection of landscapes in each subject city. Advised by NPS and TCLF staff, interns conducted field work and research in order to develop original documentary essays about the history, design, and current condition of the selected sites, as well as biographical essays about their designers.

The essays (which are also fully integrated with and linked to the What’s Out There database) are accompanied by contemporary photographs that illustrate the design character of the landscapes and the oeuvres of the designers. Moreover, the sites within each city are displayed on an interactive map and are linked to TCLF’s recently updated What’s Nearby feature, which allows users to see the landscapes within a customizable distance of their current location, with the sites presented in a color-coded display. Users can also filter the nearby landscapes according to walking time, in increments of 10, 20, or 30 minutes, roughly corresponding to distances of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 miles. This functionality is an essential enhancement to the guides, encouraging exploration of the urban environment on foot.

In addition to their interactive features, each guide also includes an overarching essay that spans multiple centuries and chronicles the city’s cultural landscape legacy, richly illustrated with maps, archival images, and contemporary photographs. These introductory essays frame the history of the city from its earliest origins and chart its growth to the present. The guides also present a brief history of the NPS and identify several themes that communicate the breadth of cultural landscapes within its purview. The list of sites can then be sorted to reveal the landscapes associated with each theme (i.e., Nature Conservation, Lifeways and Cultural Associations, Transportation and Industry, City Shaping and Urban Planning, Urban Renewal, Patriotism, Historic Preservation, and Recreation). The sites can also be sorted according to several designations recognized by the NPS, such as their listing in the National Register of Historic Places, as a National Historic Landmark, or as a National Natural Landmark, etc. These designations and their importance are explained on a separate web page within each guide.

In addition to significantly expanding the interactive and user-friendly What’s Out There database, the guides specifically highlight the diversity, interconnectedness, and importance of parks, heritage areas, and historic sites in urban areas. This reflects recent efforts by both the NPS and TCLF to broaden the scope of their programming to reach a wider and more diverse audience. In fact, the What’s Out There Cultural Landscapes Guides were conceived to complement the NPS’ “Urban Agenda,” an initiative that seeks to engage a diverse, 21st-century American public. The Urban Agenda is guided by three principles: Be relevant to all Americans; bring the NPS parks, programs, and partnerships into alignment; and collaborate internally and externally to serve communities. Recognizing that one-third of all NPS sites are located in metropolitan areas, the initiative is working to increase the visibility of urban landscapes and to foster local collaborations.

In that regard, the guides’ use of expanded themes is particularly important. While the WOT database has long identified each landscape’s type and style, using a thematic approach to further classify the landscapes ensures that a wider audience can engage with the content through additional interpretative lenses. For example, querying any one of the guides based on the theme of Lifeways and Cultural Associations reveals a list of landscapes with associations to the civil rights movement or to LGBTQ history, such as New York City’s Christopher Park, Richmond’s Frederick Douglass Court, or Boston’s African American National Historic Site. Along with information on landscapes, the guides are also broadening access to the lives and careers of a diverse collection of pioneering designers. As Allison Meier reported for Hyperallergic when the guide to New York City launched, “[it] is an interesting way to explore the names behind landscape design, particularly women, such as at the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx where Beatrix Farrand planned a rose garden, Ellen Shipman the perennial border, and a conifer arboretum was envisioned by Marian Coffin. Each of these places, whether the bird-watching refuge Udall’s Park Preserve in Little Neck or the former burial ground James J. Walker Park in Manhattan, is part of the city’s continuously developing landscape heritage.”

As a digital medium, the guides are completely free to the public and are expanded as new landscapes or designers are discovered and added to the database. They are thus a freely accessible resources to students, educators, researchers, design professionals, heritage travelers, and the public more generally. Because they are linked to the WOT database and its GPS-enabled mobile interface, the guides are communicating with new audiences—especially those accustomed to receiving information in a digital, online environment—about the nation’s landscape heritage, a goal shared by TCLF and the NPS.