Hakuraku 之家

Hakuraku 之家是对一栋位于横滨的双层房屋的改造。

Hakuraku House project is the renovation of a two-storey house located in Rokkakubashi, Yokohama.

▼外观 exterior view

原建筑是一栋 1930 年代的不对称二层公寓楼，房屋经历了不同时期的扩建，一定程度上丧失了首层空间的简洁，构成了复杂的流线。改造旨在采用更有序的手法对扩建部分进行重新设计，以恢复室内空间的和谐有序。

Originally built as a symmetrical two-apartments dwelling during the 1930s, it has undergone extensions over time which partially broke the neatness of the floorplan and tangled the flow. The project wanted to redesign the extensions in a more ordered manner and restore the harmony of the dwelling.

▼玄关

the entrance space

为了延长结构寿命，直到二战结束后，日本传统建筑中一直采用一种便于拆解和维修的简单结构，形成了“可拆解（分解できる）”的设计方法。这种方法深刻地影响了后代的建筑构造，并逐渐演变成一种“可变（Kahen-sei）建筑”的理念。该理念又可细分为更多流派，其中一种名为 Kakekae（掛け替え），字面上为“替代”之意，但实际含义更加广泛，指更新现有零件以强化整体结构的方法。

To make structures last longer, until the second postwar period Japanese traditional architecture used to design buildings easy to disassemble and repair, developing the Bunkai dekiru (分解できる, literally “can be disassembled”) method. Later constructions were heavily influenced by this practise, thus generating the consequent idea of a variablearchitecture called Kahen-sei (可変性) which is itself subdivided into other subordinate methods. One of them is named Kakekae (掛け替え, translated as “substitute, replacement” but with a wider variety of meanings), the approach of altering existing elements to enhance the space.

▼右侧门廊

hallway to the right

▼右侧起居区 living space to the right

该方法被应用于房屋首层交通空间的改造中，像上文提到过的那样，首层空间在后期的改造中在后方划分为均等的空间，除现有房屋两侧两个陡而扭转的楼梯外，还在北侧增加了第三个楼梯，使空间变得更加模糊。尽管几何体量并不舒适，原有的楼梯仍有效地塑造出一二层的空间。与此同时，虽然对房屋的使用有所影响，但附加的楼梯带来了更好的行走体验。

This was applied for the circulation system in the first floor: as introduced before, the floorplan was developed evenly with later extensions on the rear side. The addition included a third stairway on the north side to the steep and twisted existing two on the opposite ends of the house, which generated an unclear situation. Despite being slightly uncomfortable because of their geometry, the original stairs shaped the spaces efficiently on first and second floor; meanwhile, the added stair is the most pleasant for walking, but it taints both the rooms served.

▼左侧门廊

hallway to the left

▼起居区

living space

▼看向窗外景观 view through the window

考虑到这种情况，设计采用“零件替换”这种权衡利弊的方法，将增加的楼梯移除，以恢复原有对称的交通空间，为厨房增加更多容量。经过重整后的楼梯在隔板后留下了空隙，并形成了一个通高的空间，将厨房和顶部楼层相连。此外，方案将浴室从拥挤的空间中释放出来，单独布置为附加部分。

For this situation Kakekae joined the pros and discarded cons: the added stair shifted to replace one of the early one, thus restoring the symmetrical circulation and giving more space to the kitchen. The void left in the slab from the rearranged stairs became a double height to connect the kitchen and the vanity unit on the top storey. Speaking of which, the bathroom moved from the squeezed spot under the stairwell to the annexe room.

▼从起居空间看向左侧门廊

view of the hallway from the living space

▼左侧厨房空间

view of the kitchen

▼厨房区走廊 corridor between the kitchens

▼窗台一角 a corner by the window

与入口空间相反，二层楼层拆除了分隔墙体以形成开放空间，并通过改造后的窗户引入了更多自然光线。在改造日本木质建筑时，通常首要的任务就是优化旧结构以提升抗震性，在结构间形成紧密的联结以增加地震时的稳定性。因此，方案为每个元素都增加了稳定器，这种方法不仅极大地节约了预算，也因无需安装新的梁柱而保证了平面的开放和灵活。

Contrary to the entrance floor, the second level removed its division walls to generate an open space with generous natural light entering from the improved windows. The main task during renovations of old buildings in Japan, wooden houses in particular, is often embodied by the seismic retrofitting meant to update obsolete structures. To increase the strength of edifices during an earthquake, the structure must be bonded together. Here, the retrofitting is achieved by dampers attached to each element. This method, besides being remarkably affordable, keeps the layout open and flexible since it doesn’t require new columns or beam installation.

▼楼梯口

top of the stairs

白色墙体和深色结构的对比为房屋营造出一种安稳沉静的氛围。Hakuraku 之家由多种特性定义，建筑立面延续历史外观，保留了褪色木材和锈铁结构，使改造只集中于室内。内部空间展现出更多二元性，紧凑的首层空间和宽敞的二层空间通过陡峭的楼梯划分开来。

The contrast between the white of the walls and the dark colour of the structure transmits a calm and secure atmosphere to the house. Hakuraku House is characterised by multiple features: from the outside it looks like coming from a past age, given the faded wood and the rusty steel on the facade. This is because the renovation affected only the interiors. Another duality is present on the inside, with the compact first floor and the wider second defined and separated by the steepness of the stairs.

▼二层开放空间

open space on the second floor

▼开放盥洗处 washbasin

尽管在十九世纪中期普遍采用“分解重组”的方法，但“可拆解”的概念仍对今天的设计有很大启发。年轻的建筑师们不仅继承了传统方法，还融入了当代对可持续性和回收材料的考虑。

Despite being replaced with a “dismantle and reconstruct” approach during the mid-nineteenth century, the benefits of Bunkai dekiru are still extremely relevant today. Beside allowing ancient traditions to be inherited by young architects and workers, it deals with the contemporary concern over sustainability and recycling of spaces and building materials.

▼结构细部

details

▼改造前首层空间 the ground floor plan before renovation

▼改造后首层空间 the ground floor plan after renovation

▼改造前二层空间 the second floor plan before renovation

▼改造后二层空间 the second floor plan after renovation