后乐山别墅丨日本丨藤井厚二,前田圭介

后山山庄是一座有有着悠久历史的别墅住宅，这栋建筑伫立于山腰之上，在那里可以俯瞰风景如画的Fukuyama港口城市Tomonoura村。据说宫崎骏在制作电影《悬崖上的金鱼姬》时，也曾在此停留数月。山庄最初由出生于日本Fukuyama的已故建筑师藤井厚二设计，他以融合和西方筑技术和设计环保型日式住宅而闻名。

Villa Ushiroyama is a house with an eventful history. Tucked away on a mountainside overlooking the picturesque port town of Tomonoura in Fukuyama, the building was originally designed by Japanese architect Fujii Koji. Fujii was born in  and became famous for designing environmentally-friendly Japanese-style homes using a fusion of Japanese and Western techniques.

20世纪20年代末，藤井裕久为其兄长设计了后山山庄，作为他在山林中的修养之地。这在当时是一栋极其前卫的建筑，再现了许多他在京都建造自宅“Chochikukyo”时所开发的独到特征。

Fujii designed the villa as a mountain retreat for his older brother in the late 1920s. The house was thoroughly modern for its time, and showcased many of the same distinctive features Fujii developed building his own home, Chochikukyo, in Kyoto.

遗憾的是，后山山庄于战后被空置，至2009年，房屋及周围的庭园已破败不堪。房主原本打算重建房屋，但最终决定委托同为Fukuyama出身的另一位建筑师前田圭介对其进行改造。房屋多处均被替换，但阳光间与独特的双层屋顶则保留完好。

Unfortunately, the villa was abandoned after the war and by 2009 the house and surrounding garden were in a state of serious disrepair. The owner had planned to replace the house, but instead commissioned architect Maeda Keisuke, another Fukuyama native, to restore it. Although much of the house had to be replaced, the Villa Ushiroyama’s sunroom and distinctive double roof remained intact.

前田在忠于藤井原始设计的基础上，将现代建筑与传统建筑相融合，于2013年完成了全部修复工作。两位建筑师的巧妙匠心在一座建筑中得以协调搭配、完美结合。前田的理念旨在设计与周围环境相辅相成的建筑，这与藤井的风格有诸多共通之处。如后山山庄阳光间独特的天然换气系统最初由藤井设计，之后则由前田改造。

Maeda completed the full restoration in 2013, combining contemporary architecture with traditional, while also remaining true to Fujii’s original design. The result is a harmonious fusion of styles which shows the craftsmanship of both men.Maeda’s style, which aims to create buildings that have a reciprocal relationship with the environment around them, has a lot in common with Fujii’s. For example, the sunroom at the Villa Ushiroyama features a unique natural ventilation system, designed by Fujii and restored by Maeda.

墙壁底部的推拉式壁板让被过滤过的冷空气进入室内，而天花板上同样的壁板则有利于热空气排出室外，使室内更加凉爽。客厅的大玻璃窗面朝群山东侧，采光充足，更可远眺鞆之浦美景。古老的玻璃窗上饰有波浪形的花纹，城市景色经其渲染好似一幅印象派油画。山庄内有数条铺有石子、与地面等高的走廊，客厅与窗户之间的外廊正是其中之一，从而将室内外自然连结。

Sliding panels in the base of the walls allow cool air to filter in, while similar panels in the ceiling allow hot air to escape into an attic space, cooling the house further. Large glass windows in the living room face east down the mountain, letting in plenty of sunlight as well as an expansive vista of Tomonoura. The glass is old and its wavy pattern lends an almost impressionistic edge to the view of the town. Between the living room and the windows is one of several ground-level corridors paved with stone, another way the Villa Ushiroyama brings the outdoors inside.