巴西 Cerrado 生态之家的绿色设计

背景

The Context

Cerrado是巴西七个生物多样性地区之一，占地150万平方公里。该地区拥有巴西三分之一的生物，占世界动植物的5%，是亚马逊河、旧金山河和巴拉圭河三大水文流域的发源地。它有独特的植物群，以稀树和低矮灌木为代表，它们是非洲稀树草原和欧洲草原上的植物在南美大陆的变种。Cerrado融合了全国的生物群落，具有生态、地缘政治和文化的特殊性。

The Cerrado is one of the country’s seven biomes and covers an area of 1.5 million km². It holds about a third of all Brazilian biodiversity, 5% of the world’s flora and fauna, and is home to the headwaters of the three largest hydrographic basins in the country (Amazon, São Francisco, and Paraná/Paraguay). It has a unique flora and stands out for its generously-spaced trees and low-slung brushwood, blending into a South-American variation on the African savannah and the European steppe. Given its ecological, geopolitical and cultural specificities, the Cerrado is considered the biome of national integration.

▼建筑与环境，building and surroundings

Cerrado的土壤一度被认为酸性太强，不适合耕种。但自从1980年代，农学家大量施用工业石灰，使得土质发生改变。如今，巴西70%的农业产量都来自这里。

The soils of the Cerrado were once regarded as too acidic to farm. But since agronomists began applying industrial quantities of lime in the 1980s, these soils have been transformed. The Cerrado now produces 70% of Brazil’s agricultural output.

▼建筑外观，appearance

近年来，Cerrado遭受的生态破坏是亚马逊的两倍，亚马逊热带雨林的大部分生物仍艰难存活。Cerrado曾经占地2亿公顷，而光在过去20年里， 60%多的土地消失在耕地之中。这里本应得到无尽的保护，而现在只有2%的生态系统受到保护，更甚的是巴西农学家和部长仍不认为其具有保护价值。

In recent years, the rate of ecological destruction of the Cerrado has been twice that of the Amazon, and while the majority of the Amazon rainforest still survives, more than 60% of the Cerrado’s former 200 million hectares have disappeared under the plough, and most of that within the last two decades alone. It has been a black hole for conservation: only 2% of the ecosystem is protected. However, Brazilian agriculturalists and ministers still talk as if it had no conservation value at all.

▼百叶细节，detail of louvers

住宅

The House

该项目位于Minas Gerais州的 Sierra da Moeda山脚下。有三间卧室，屋顶设置泳池，宽敞的楼梯可以通往屋顶露台。房间位于泳池之下，坐拥山脉、Cerrado和弯曲的树木等景观。北侧和西侧的百叶抵挡了暴晒。

The Cerrado House was built at the foothills of the Sierra da Moeda, a mountain range in the state of Minas Gerais. The three-bedroom house has a rooftop pool and a wide staircase that leads to the rooftop terrace. The rooms are right under the swimming pool and have views of the sierra, the Cerrado and its twisted trees. Louvers on the northern and western faces protect against the inclement sun.

▼通往屋顶露台的宽敞楼梯

wide staircase that leads to the rooftop terrace

▼屋顶泳池，rooftop pool

▼人站在露台欣赏远处风景，people stand on the terrace and enjoy the scenery in the distance

▼泳池细节，detail of pool

该项目的功能与形式相符，通往泳池的坡道和楼梯裸露在立面，间接塑造了内部空间。整个方案清晰地体现出建筑师对形式与功能的关系，这一无法逃避的问题的探索。

The play between function and form here is spontaneous and undogmatic: the ramps and stairs of the swimming pool are stamped onto the façades and shape the internal space. The employment of the programmatic source is made directly manifest: it is a strategy that explores the programme/form relationship as an inevitable correspondence.

▼入口，entrance

▼泳池下的客厅，living room under the pool

▼卧室，视野开阔，bedroom，wide vision

建筑师在对建筑进行设计时，还强调了Cerrado被低估和受威胁的生物群。该项目没有景观设计，房屋坐落于自然地形，在泳池露台上，周围广阔的景色一览无余。

Seeking the plasticity of basic architectural elements, the project also exalts this underestimated and threatened biome: the Cerrado. There is no landscape design: the house sits on natural terrain, whose immensity and vistas are best seen from the pool terrace.

▼外观夜景，night view of appearance

▼总平，site plan

▼一层平面，ground floor plan

▼二层平面，first floor plan

▼剖面，sections

Specification

Authors: Vazio S/A – Carlos M Teixeira, Leonardo Rodrigues (collab. arch.), Daila Araújo (collab. arch.), Frederico Almeida (collab. arch.)

Project: 2013

Construction: 2014-2015

Total area: 320 m²

Closed area: 142m²

Site: 3 ha.

Location: Moeda, Brazil

Architectural design: Vazio S/A

Structural design: RAD

Electrical design / Plumbing: Matheus Elias

Construction: Nova Engenharia

Main Suppliers :

Frames aluminum louvers: JJ Esquadrias

Marble and granite: Arq Pedras

Metals: Docol

Crockery: Celite

Fixtures: Templuz

Ceramics: Vitrale

Furniture: Vazio S/A

Pool: Sol e Ar