Galveston岛国家公园堰洲岛防灾规划

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ASLA

Barrier Island Resiliency Planning for Galveston Island State Park by

Studio Outside

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ASLA

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项目概述

PROJECT STATEMENT

堰洲岛是一个不断演变的动态生态系统。 海风和海浪周而复始地塑造着岛上的景观，热带风暴和海平面上升加速着内陆栖息地的迁移。 2008年，飓风Ike洗扫了Galveston岛州立公园。而公园重建项目可谓是一次新尝试，其试图在预测模型的基础上建立沿海休闲区的总体规划。根据当地的生态条件和海拔特点，该规划必须预测出场地在未来50年可能发展成的面貌。因此，规划结果向观者展示出了一个脆弱却丰富的景观面貌。

应场地策略要求，原场地将缩减25%的不透水表面以降低栖息地迅速削减的现象。并在崖壁横断面上设立的小径，以便游客可以一览Galveston岛从海湾到海滩的景色。而为了反馈为搜救遇难岛民的所做的大力报导，在岛上策划了众多夜间娱乐活动以示庆祝。发展策略不仅提及了更多的濒危物种和仅存的大草原将受到保护，并且会推动这些脆弱却仍有恢复力的系统恢复及发展。

Barrier islands are dynamic ecosystems in constant evolution. While wind and tide shape the landscape, tropical storms and sea level rise accelerate inland habitat migration. In 2008, Hurricane Ike completely ravaged Galveston Island State Park. The redevelopment master plan is a new precedent for coastal recreation planning built on a foundation of predictive models. Based on site specific ecologies and elevations, the plan must literally anticipate what of the site will remain in 50 years and what its ecology will be. The plan immerses visitors in the dynamics of this fragile and diverse landscape.

Site strategies reduce impermeable surfaces by 25% and significantly decrease habitat fragmentation. The transect trail engages guests with the full island cross section: bay to beach – the only location on Galveston Island where this is possible. Responding to a robust outreach process that sought out displaced residents, a broad array of overnight and recreation opportunities celebrate island environment. Endangered species and the rare Strand Prairie are protected, and development strategies encourage these delicate yet resilient systems to evolve and flourish.

▲Galveston岛州立公园（GISP）位于休斯顿以南一小时路程的堰洲岛上，面积2000英亩（约810公顷）。该公园是进入Galveston岛动植物栖息地（天然海湾至海滩横断面处）的必经之处。

Galveston Island State Park (GISP) claims 2,000 acres on the barrier island an hour south of Houston. This is the only location on the island where the natural bay-to-beach cross section of island habitat is accessible. Photo Credit: Google Earth Aerial

项目说明

PROJECT NARRATIVE

背景

2008，9月13日，飓风Ike袭击了德克萨斯海岸线。其强大的破坏力使这一地区第三次经历了代价高昂的飓风袭击。自1842年以来，曾有超过五十次的风暴在这一水域肆虐，迫使在堰洲岛和海湾地区进行了一次又一次的社区武装和重建。虽然这次飓风袭击在Galveston岛的史记上留下了灾难性的印记，但也成为了影响兴建2000英亩（约810公顷）Galveston岛州立公园（GISP）的因素之一，为大规模公园重建赢取了的一个难得的机会。

机会

Galveston岛州立公园（GISP）是岛上唯一一个可以探索堰洲岛栖息地（从海湾到海滩）的地方。尽管由人类发展带来的破坏在逐渐吞噬着这个岛，但岌岌可危的海滨大草原却因受到海滨沙丘的庇护而幸免于难。 看似平坦的场地条件，却会凭借六英寸（约15cm）的高差变化就转变一种栖息地类型。而其中丰富而脆弱的生物多样性可能会受到众多因素影响，例如海湾，牡蛎礁，海草床，河口，橡树林，淡水池塘，沿海大草原，潮汐滩涂，浅谈沼泽，沙丘，海滩，海湾。

Galveston岛州立公园（GISP）是一个历史悠久的公园。始建于1975年，设计师将沙丘改造成了平地供游客们在海边露营，并在其中设置了一条前往海滩的便捷公路。但因为公路位置过于居中，使去往海滩的大量游客很容易错过另一侧较大区域的美景。直到飓风Ike袭击前的近30年间，这个公园一直备受大众青睐。因此对待重建工作，得克萨斯州公园与野生动物园一直希望这个重建任务能实现他们所希望的集动植物保护和娱乐于一身的远景。

景观设计师的作用

作为这个项目主要顾问，景观设计师制定了一套“因地制宜”的改造策略，不但涉及了对环境问题的全面剖析，还包涵了客户和公众的普及教育，而驱使着每项规划策略动力则是这个岛上脆弱的生态系统。因此，对于同样面临类似问题的沿海规划项目，则可以参照这个项目。 系统性的预测模型是针对特定地点的场地条件而研发的，而非凭借广义假设。 这个规划是通过规划软件制定缩小的场地场景来解决尚未存在却符合现实情况的场景问题的，然后制定规划方向。

评估

该规划虽然以历史模式作为基础，但规划重点是展望未来。作为该岛的发展策略，该规划的立足点是Galveston岛未来的面貌。

预测建模 – 综合了海平面上升，海滩侵蚀和沉降三个方面的影响，并考虑了周期性的热带风暴的影响。 这些模型将广义的海平面上升研究应用到了其对地形和生态的影响，并提供了单独的白皮书作为公共资源。模型结果是针对具体地点作出的高，中，低三个程度的土地流失预测。该规划是基于截止到2060年22％的土地损失的中期情景作出的判断，并显示出当今的大量干旱地区将演变为开阔的水域或沼泽。

风暴学 – 热带风暴的动力学同样被模拟到这个模型中，试图预测该地区风暴频率对地形的影响。这些突发事件可以在一天内将海滩平均受侵蚀速度加快11年。20多英尺高（超过6m）的风暴可以瞬间降淡水池塘的水转化为咸水，而恢复要历时数年。

栖息地迁移－建立在不同海拔高度条件下的栖息地模型，其生态系统中的元素是随时间而演化的–例如在沿海大草原中。植物群落若因外部条件发生转移，也就意味着动物群落也将如影随形，例如笛鸻和海龟的大量迁徙。

先例 – San Bernard国家野生动物保护区的野外测量取样来自于附近尚未遭破坏的堰洲岛，并依此创建出了一套空间关系框架。 这些维度模拟出了再发展过程中的第一道“沙线” – 这道“沙线”可以确保一个健康的生态系统得以重建和发展。

公共参与

对外宣传是有目性的面向整个德州的招募不同类型的访客群体，其中就包括遭受飓风Ike袭击而流离失所的原住民。这部分内容是为了向大众宣传Galveston岛的重建工作，但也会设涉及个人对Galveston岛的回忆以及对Galveston岛往事的分享。

– 随机调查－10个区域的1000个人

– 在线－800参与者

– 利益相关方会议

– 多机构工作室

– 公共开放室

规划目标和目的

1.向访客展示海湾到海岸这一路体验

– 向游客展示并让其亲身经历岛上唯一可以横跨海湾的地点，期间向访客普及周边的生态元素。断面小径起始于探-索中心，游客可以穿越公园后集合。

– 在高速路上方提供安全通道

– 展示海湾生态系统中的“隐藏的宝石”

2.建立一套能够反映堰洲岛应动态的“工具包”：

– 降低开发过程中的土地使用面积以及重塑完整栖息地

– 减少25%不透水表面

– 增加50％连续未受污染的沙丘系统 – 巩固海龟由西向东的栖息地

– 利用陆地和水域间的过渡，创造独特，适应性强切持久活动体验。

– 建立参照物记录风暴潮，及波峰和海平面上升值。

– 建立设施保护濒危物种当前的栖息地，并预测未来栖息地的位置。

– 拆除海滨露营地，为沙丘向内陆迁移提供空间

– 创建有针对性的建筑结构以应对风暴袭击；同时保证建筑可以长期使用，既能扩展游客体验，又节省投资。

– 利用建筑物作为教育工具向游客解释自然现象，并展示岛上建筑的创新策略。

– 为游客讲解老式的军备技术是怎样造成高昂损失的，以及为何在要在未来的建设中实施可持续性发展战略。

3. 提供多项方案来欢迎广大德州人（来自公众参与的直接结果）

– 与贫困和流离失所的社区居民建立新的关系。

– 在海湾和沙滩上提供可以一晚住宿的场地，并提供帐篷，皮划艇营地，房车和小木屋等。

– 提供训练设施和交通工具，鼓励游客游览公园

堰洲岛探索

该公园的选址对实现多个项目发挥着至关重要的作用。有策略的利用海湾位置，可以丰富游客的体验，吸引更多海滩爱好者。设计师对于探索中心也做了同样的考虑，作为游园体验的起点，将其选择在了一个会周期性经历洪水袭击的敏感位置，以便更直观地对游客进行解说。

在拟定规划时，设计师坚决反对在场地的制高点设置建筑，因为20世纪80年代曾试图在最高的山丘上安排一个圆形剧场，结果以失败告终。在该项目中，设计师将探索中心定在了沼泽边上，游客需要登上21英尺（约6m）高的高地，通过架设在高地与探索中心间的桥梁方能到达，而桥下就是沼泽。这种安排，可以对游客展示从海滩到海湾无与伦比的全景。开敞的观景平台上为游客提供了岛上相关知识的介绍，并鼓励他们亲身去探索Galveston岛 – 减少对标识系统的依赖，要沉浸在自然环境中。

探索中心不仅仅是一个建筑外壳，也是一项探测和展示工程，它用于探测岛上其它地方（没有土堆的地方）在经受暴雨后的恢复力，另外，它还是可持续岛屿建设的实践工程。

步道将游客带进堰洲岛层出不穷的山体环境中，并向他们普及这里生态系统的脆弱性。 三个“起始点”凸显了公园的独特区域（海湾，沼泽和沙滩）。 次要环线提供了探索岛上生物多样性的次级通道并连接到室外教室。 而断面上的步道穿过高速公路，连接着公园的两端，并径直通向海滩上的集散地，一路风光无限。战略性后退的观测平台则为观看淡水洼地，沙丘，沙滩和远处海湾提供了场地。

▲

该岛得天独厚的自然条件为众多濒临灭绝的物种提供了栖身之所。由于岛上地势极为平坦，因此稍有缓坡便能一览其上湖沼茫茫，一碧千里的壮阔景色。

The island habitat is rich in diversity and home to many threatened and endangered species. Extremely flat, the slightest rise reveals expansive views of the tapestry of water, marsh, and prairie. Photo Credit: Studio Outside

▲风暴历史 STORM HISTORY

由于堰洲岛地处热带气旋频繁发生地带，因此即便是不断巩固和增强防御措施，也难以避免由风暴造成的连续损失。就是较低等级的风暴对该岛的破坏也具有很强的杀伤力。

Although tropical cyclones are frequent, development on barrier islands has intensified and continues to result in escalating losses, even in lower category storm events. Photo Credit: Google Earth Aerial

▲

2008年飓风Ike对该岛造成了灾难性的破坏，一贯脆弱的自然体系更是不堪一击。风暴席卷期间，超过75英尺（约23m）宽的海岸线和三分之二的公园营地区域被风浪吞噬。

Infrastructural damages from Ike were staggering, and previously compromised natural systems were further impacted. Over 75 linear feet of beach and two-thirds of the park’s campsites were reclaimed by the Gulf

▲50年的土地损失 50-YR LAND LOSS

这个项目的最大挑战是如何为一个在未来50年或将不断变化位置的潜在受灾区制定出能够预测受灾影响的模型。

A primary challenge is to identify and plan for a site in constant transition – predictive models forecast impacts and reveal a dramatically different site in 50 years.

▲动态生态 SHIFTING ECOLOGY

海拔六英寸（约）的高差就可以重新定义一处栖息地。原因在于海拔高度的变化会导致水系和植被的变化，从而影响野生动物对栖息地的选择。因此，规划结构必须能够适用于当前和未来发展的不同背景，以节省投资并保持栖息地的可持续性。

Six inches in elevation can define a very different habitat. As water and plants migrate over time, so does wildlife. Structures must accommodate both present and future conditions to preserve investment and ensure habitat viability for future generations.

该公园承载了许多得克萨斯州人的回忆。 约有9000名Galveston人由于Ike流离失所，一场广泛的宣传活动试图将这些故事和当前和潜在的访客联系起来。

The park is a meaningful setting for the memories of many Texas families. Approximately 9,000 Galvestonians were displaced by Ike, and an extensive outreach campaign sought to connect those stories with input from current and potential visitors.

▲公共项目重点任务 PUBLIC PROGRAM PRIORITIES

经项目推广和政府协商讨论，反映出了一系列有助于建立预测模型和亟待解决的事项。而其中最迫切且意见统一的重中之重，是要在Galveston岛上重建一个能被广大得克萨斯居民和游客喜闻乐道的公园，最好在面积上能够拓展到之前得不到服务的社区。

Outreach and jurisdictional collaboration revealed an array of priorities to align with the reality of predictive models. A common goal was delivering a welcoming park to all segments of Texas residents and tourists, including previously underserved communities. Photo Credit: Studio Outside

▲应对干预 RESPONSIVE INTERVENTIONS

具有恢复能力的自然系统是总体规划的目标。 项目和结构在公园恢复和运作中为德克萨斯州公园和野生动物保护和娱乐传递了使命，并具使其有内在的发展能力。

A holistically resilient natural system is the overarching planning objective. Programs and structures deliver the Texas Parks & Wildlife mission of conservation and recreation within the context of a restored and functioning ecology that has built-in capacity to evolve.

▲聚合规划 AGGREGATION

规划中指出人类涉及的区域要限定在一定发展范围内。通过高架桥为游客从海湾到海滩建立了连接，以减少占地面积。并且为因水位升高而产生的生态调解过程和动植物向内陆迁移提供充裕的空间。

Human intervention is limited to the edges surrounded by development. A highway overpass forges a connection for visitor movement from bay to beach, and reduced footprint allows space for ecological adaptation and migration inland as waters rise.

海拔高度结构为生态系统提供了垂直保护，使其生物可以不受海平面上升和风暴潮的影响，同时可以创造动态的访客体验，建设预期的栖息地系统，可以确保濒临灭绝的物种蓬勃发展。

A hierarchy of elevation provides vertical protection from rising seas and storm surge while creating dynamic visitor experiences. Building locations anticipate habitat shift, ensuring that endangered species can still thrive as the marsh moves inland.

▲

立面和功能紧密联系 ELEVATION TIED TO FUNCTION

该项目还为游客提供了独特的登岛体验。 海湾皮划艇露营项目提供了一个不同于在得克萨斯公园＆野外生存的低成本的岛上过夜体验。

Unique experiences also flourish and endure for guests. Kayak camping on the bay provides a low-cost overnight option unlike anything in Texas Parks & Wildlife system.

海滩露营是重点项目之一。 然而，战略性退后可以促进沙丘和迁移区的恢复。并且有利于基础受到最小程度的风暴打击。

Beach camping was a project mandate. Strategic setbacks, however, encourage a healthy dune restoration and migration zone. Campsite loops anticipate migration and can retreat inland with minimal loss of infrastructure.

▲堰洲岛探索中心－2010  COVERY CENTER – 2010

探索中心被设立在了一个改造后的山丘上，游客可通过坡道到访。与此同时，探索中心也是一个用于定位和引导游客探索该公园制高点。 由于该断层步道穿越海岛，通达海湾，海滩，路过沼泽，因此穿行其间本身就是一段非凡经历。

A repurposed mound creates a ramp that ascends to the Discovery Center, providing an elevated view that orients and propels visitors to explore the park. The Transect Trail crosses the island and engages bay, beach, and marsh.

▲堰洲岛探索中心 BARRIER ISLAND DISCOVERY CENTER – 2060

随着水域增多，栖息地迁徙，游客的目的地却仍旧保持，并且逐步适应这种动态的变化。脆弱的生态系统也会因为Galveston岛的沙滩和海洋的变化而演变下去。

As waters rise and habitats migrate, visitor destinations remain, dynamic experiences adapt, and structures chronicle the transition. Fragile ecosystems endure as they have been granted the opportunity to evolve with the shifting sands and seas of Galveston Island.

Context

September 13, 2008 – Hurricane Ike slams into the Texas coast. This mighty force of nature ravages the region as the 3rd most costly hurricane on record. Since 1842, over fifty storms have churned through these waters – forcing a pattern of re-armoring, re-construction, destruction, repeat – on barrier islands and Gulf communities.

While this catastrophic event is a dramatic milestone in the legacy of Galveston Island, it is but one of many phenomena that will continue to shape the future of 2,000 acre Galveston Island State Park (GISP).

Ike was the impetus for forced redevelopment – and a rare chance to re-vision a park of this scale – literally from the ground up.

The Opportunity

GISP is the only place on the island where the full bay-to-beach system of barrier island habitat can be explored. While development devours the island, the endangered Strand Prairie here is somewhat intact – clinging to historic dunes that parallel the beach. The site is flat – 6” of elevation change can define a shift in the rich tapestry from one habitat to the next. The rich yet fragile diversity includes:

• Bay

• Oyster reefs

• Seagrass beds

• Brackish bayous

• Oak mottes

• Freshwater ponds

• Coastal prairies

• Tidal marsh

• Interdunal swales

• Dunes

• Beach

• Gulf

Historically, visitors were presented with a mixed message regarding GISP. Initial park construction flattened the dunes in 1975 to make way for beachside RV camping. A highway bisects the island, and many beach visitors missed that the larger “bay” side of the park even existed.

The park grew in popularity and thrived for 30 years – until Ike. Texas Parks & Wildlife sought to rebuild the park with a new vision that celebrates its mission of conservation and recreation.

Landscape Architect’s Role

As prime consultant, the Landscape Architect forged a “land based” process that embraced a holistic comprehension of environmental issues to educate the client and the public. The fragility of the island system was the dominant driver behind every planning strategy. This effort sets precedence for coastal planning that can be adapted to other sites. Systematic predictive models were developed for site-specific field conditions, rather than relying on global hypotheses. The plan directly confronts the shrinking site by planning facilities that adapt to a reality that does not yet exist.

Assessments

While historic patterns are evaluated as a benchmark, the emphasis is on looking ahead. As a basis for design, the plan predicts what the site that WILL BE, rather than what it is today.

• Predictive Modeling – Three model scenarios compound the impact of sea level rise, beach erosion, and subsidence, punctuated by periodic tropical storm events. The models apply broader sea-level-rise research specifically to the topography and ecology of the site – delivering a separate white-paper as a public resource. The result is a site-specific prediction of high, medium, and low calculations of land loss. The plan is based on the mid-range scenario of 22% land loss by 2060. Much of what is dry today will become open water or marsh.

• Storm Science – The dynamics of tropical storms were equally modeled to the site’s topography and storm frequency predictions. These episodic events can accelerate the rate of beach erosion by 11 years in a single day. A 20+ foot storm surge immediately converts freshwater ponds to saltwater – a shift that takes years to reverse.

• Habitat Migration – A pairing of existing habitat and elevations creates a benchmark from which to model where ecosystem elements will migrate to over time – including the endangered Coastal Strand Prairie. Wherever plant communities migrate, so too will the wildlife – including endangered species such as piping plover and Kemp’s ridley sea turtle.

• Island Precedent – Field measurements from San Bernard National Wildlife Refuge create a framework of spatial relationships from a nearby healthy barrier island. These dimensions establish the first “line in the sand” for re-development – ensuring that a healthy system can be re-established and then allowed to evolve.

Public Engagement

Outreach purposefully identified different visitor groups throughout the state, including former neighbors displaced by Ike. The plan is built on a foundation of public education, but is also inspired by memories and personal stories shared at numerous engagement events:

• “Intercept Surveys” of 1,000 people across 10 regional locations

• Online – 800 participants

• Stakeholder Sessions

• Multi-Agency Workshops

• Public Open-houses

Planning Goals & Objectives

1.Reveal the Bay-to-Beach Experience to all Visitors:

• Celebrate the only place where one may walk from the Gulf to the Bay by engaging guests with each segment of the island ecology. The Transect Trail emanates from the Discovery Center to distribute and collect visitors from across the park.

• Provide safe passage over the highway.

• Reveal the “hidden gem” of the bay ecosystem.

2. Establish a series of toolkits that are responsive to barrier island dynamics:

• Aggregate development to reduce footprint and restore un-interrupted habitat.

◦ 25% reduction in impermeable surface

◦ 50% increase in contiguous healthy dune system – consolidate program to the west in order to provide turtle nesting to the east.

• Embrace the inevitable transition from land to water to create unique, adaptive, and enduring experiences.

◦ Support pylons artfully record storm surge, wave crests, and sea-level-rise benchmarks.

◦ Structures preserve endangered species habitat in current and predicted locations.

◦ “Clip off” beachside campsites as dunes migrate inland.

• Create a purposeful hierarchy of elevation that responds to storm inundation while creating permanent structures that expand the visitor experience and preserve investment.

◦ Utilize structures as an educational tool to interpret natural phenomena and exhibit innovative island construction strategies.

◦ Teach how old techniques of armament have continued to result in costly losses and how building WITH the land is necessary for a sustainable future.

3. Provide a diversity of programs to welcome all Texans (direct outcomes from public engagement).

• Build new relationships with underserved and displaced communities.

• Create a gradient of overnight lodging on bay and beach: primitive, tents, kayak campsites, RV’s, & cabins.

• Provide training facilities and accessible “gear” that encourage visitors to explore the park.

Barrier Island Discovery

Site selection for the park headquarters is paramount in achieving multiple project goals. A bay-side location is strategic for storm surge but demands a dramatic experience to entice beach-goers. As the launch point for interpretive experience, the Discovery Center is located at the confluence of land and water at an area that is already experiencing periodic flooding.

The plan decidedly rejects the concept of building atop the highest point on the site: a mound created for a failed 1980’s amphitheater endeavor. Instead, visitors gradually ascend the mound to the 21 foot elevation and traversing a bridge across the marsh to the Discovery Center. The elevated complex greets guests with unparalleled panoramic views that sweep from beach to bay. The broad deck educates visitors in one location and propels them to explore the site – reducing the dependency on signage clutter that erodes the sense of nature immersion.

Rather than simply a shell for exhibits, the Discovery Center tests and exhibits storm resiliency engineering and sustainable island construction practices that might be utilized elsewhere on the island (where no mound exists).

Trails immerse visitors in the overlapping storylines of the barrier island environment and educate them on the fragility of the site. Three “launch points” celebrate unique areas of the park (bay, marsh, and beach). Secondary loop trails offer exploration into subsets of site diversity and connect outdoor classrooms. The Transect Trail crosses the highway, physically connecting the two sides of the park, and terminates at the beach launch point. Strategically pulled back from the shore, the elevated observation platform offers foreground views across the freshwater swale, dune, beach, and on to the gulf beyond.