张家浜楔形绿地城市设计及景观概念规划

项目概况

PROJECT INTRODUCTION

张家浜是上海拟建的8个“楔形绿地”中的首个建设项目，建成之后，它将成为上海市最大的公共公园。作为生态改善和城市更新的催化剂，张家浜公园打造了一片前所未有的湿地及林地栖息地，为这座逐渐远离自然体验的城市重塑了自然环境。为提升浦东新区居民的生活品质及该区域的生态水平，张家浜项目为自身设定了更高的目标。其复杂的生态结构与其整体性的解说计划，将会在作为世界最大的城市之一的上海注入崭新的环境观念。该项目中的景观策略对已有的人工化运河形态发出了挑战，它不仅会改善运河水质，更可以重建该地区的水生生态系统，从而提高生物多样性。通过细致严格的空间布局、地形利用、种植策略、水体设计和盛行风利用，该项目可提高空气质量及热舒适度，利用微气候的营造来缓解上海的城市热岛现象。通过多模式公共交通系统、公园振兴计划及与周边地区的城市肌理的重新缝合，项目相邻地区的发展也得以促进。

Zhangjiabang is the first of Shanghai’s eight planned “green wedges” and will become the city’s largest public park. A catalyst for ecological and urban renewal, the park creates an unprecedented amount of wetland and woodland habitat that redefines the natural environment in a city whose residents have increasingly fewer opportunities to experience nature. To transform the civic life and ecological health of Shanghai’s Pudong District, Zhangjiabang aims higher. Its complex ecologies, coupled with a holistic interpretive program, will fuel a new environmental ethos in one of the world’s largest cities. By challenging the existing engineered canal typology, the landscape strategy improves water quality and rebuilds the biodiversity of the region’s aquatic ecosystems. Air quality and thermal comfort are designed through careful spatial configurations, utilizing landform, planting strategies, waterbodies, and prevailing winds to create microclimates that relieve Shanghai’s stifling urban heat island. Adjacent development is also integrated with multi-modal public transit, enlivening the park and reconnecting the urban fabric of the surrounding city.

场地背景

SITE CONTEXT

张家浜项目面临着多重挑战。这片场地因高架公路、高压电走廊、各种道路及河道系统（其“现代化”的设计是为了以一种高人工化的方式对洪水进行防控）等基础设施的建设变得支离破碎。场地当前的问题还包括干道之间多处土地几近荒废、多处衰败的轻工业工厂附近垃圾场成堆等。此外，渠化河道皆由混凝土砌筑，河水水质不佳，附近土壤遭到破坏，整个场地的生物多样性极低。但就是在这样恶劣的环境之中，场地上仍存在着几处小型的农田和花园。来自Sasaki的设计团队试图将这些挑战转化为机遇，为这片土地注入活力，通过效果显著的生态再生彻底改变场地现状，并借由项目的解说计划向人们讲述这一过程。

Zhangjiabang’s context presented multiple challenges. The site is highly fragmented by infrastructure including an elevated highway, a high-voltage power corridor, multiple roadways, and a canal system that is being ‘modernized’ for flood control in a highly-engineered manner. Existing conditions include derelict lands surrounded by major roads and dumping grounds in the shadows of run-down light industrial sites. Canals are concrete-lined, water quality is very poor, soils are disturbed, and the entire site is biologically impoverished. Within this difficult site, small farms and gardens nevertheless persist. The Sasaki team sought to convert these challenges into opportunities, creating dynamism in the program and defying the status quo with a remarkable story of ecological rebirth articulated through its interpretive program.

由于上海的持续高速扩张，很多农村土地均已用作城市用地。数十年的工业发展早已严重破坏了整个环境系统，野生动植物所剩无几，生物物理环境恶劣。整个上海都会区林冠覆盖率仅为10%，远低于中国城市的平均值（25%）。近期发表的一系列生物学调查显示，所有研究设计的类群其生物多样性及丰富度都有明显下降：上海地区的两栖动物多样性由14种降低至4种；城区的鸟类多样性较历史调查数据降低了63%；植物多样性也大幅降低。上海景观恢复的迫切性不言而喻，其也成为了张家浜公园设计策略的重要驱动因素。

As Shanghai continues to rapidly expand, urban land cover has replaced much of the rural matrix. Recent decades of industrialization have resulted in environmental conditions so severely degraded that little wildlife remains and biophysical conditions are severe. Tree canopy coverage across the Shanghai metro area is only 10%, while China’s national average for cities is 25%. A series of recently published biological surveys indicate that species diversity and richness across all studied taxa have declined. Amphibian diversity in Shanghai has decreased from 14 species to 4. Similarly, total avian diversity in the city has decreased 63% from historic surveys. Plant diversity shows similar declines. The imperative for landscape restoration in Shanghai is self-evident, and this restoration is the driver of the design strategy for Zhangjiabang Park.

张家浜公园将新建215公顷的混生林，并营造61公顷的新生湿地栖息地，以为场地中113公顷的开放水域提供生态服务。需要对现有的张家浜河道及其支流进行综合性生态恢复，以改善水质、重建该地区水生生态系统的生物多样性。而这一恢复网络同样需要具备防洪及为野生动植物（包括成千上万迁徙至此过冬的鸟类）提供栖息地的功能。原有的浅水湖地形经过重新设计，被改造为一个水域面积31公顷、最大深度达14米的湖泊。深浅不一的水下环境、多样化的人工鱼类栖息地，以及自然中心/孵卵处促进了该地区水生生态系统的恢复。湖区的东侧是低矮的森林小丘，西侧则是高密度的城市核心地带。方案中沿湖泊东侧设计了大片新生湿地，将作为涉水鸟类保护区。这一区域远离公路、铁路及其他人类活动活跃的用地，游人可由附近山丘顶部的观景台瞭望此处的景致。项目中的土方工程大大提高了微型栖息地景观的多样性，同时阻隔了附近道路交通对场地带来的噪音和空气污染。场地内的河道经过改造成为了流淌坡度较缓的河流，以最大程度地去除水中的营养物质并减少固体悬浮物。此外，场地中的两大农业区域也将被改造成为面积为12公顷的社区花园，花园中的不同地块将以乡土植物为篱分隔，既丰富了场地的物种多样性，又提升了附近居民的生活品质。

Embedded within 215 hectares of mixed forests, Zhangjiabang Park will include 46 hectares of emergent wetland habitat to serve 113 hectares of open water across the site. The existing Zhangjiabang Canal and its tributaries require comprehensive ecological restoration to mitigate poor water quality and rebuild the biodiversity of the region’s aquatic ecosystems. This network must also provide flood protection as well as suitable habitat for wildlife, including the millions of migratory water birds that arrive each winter. An existing shallow lake is regraded into a 31 hectare lake with maximum depth of 14 meters, a diverse bathymetry, various constructed fish habitats, and a nature center / conservation hatchery to support regional aquatic systems restoration. This lake is framed by low forested hills to the east and a dense urban core along its western shore. A large emergent wetland along the eastern shore of the lake is designed as a wading bird sanctuary. This area is buffered from roads, trails, and active uses, but is overlooked by an observation deck at the top of an adjacent hill. Earthwork increases landscape diversity for microhabitats and buffers the site from noise and air pollution from adjacent roadways. Canals are re-envisioned as streams with gentle cross-slopes that maximize nutrient removal and reduction of suspended solids. Additionally, community gardens will occupy 12 hectares across two major agricultural zones with plots hedged by native flora, providing added complexity to the matrix and enhancing the quality of life for residents in adjacent neighborhoods.

张家浜公园的设计旨在最大程度地为地域性生物多样性的重新引入和健康发展创造条件。场地中的湿地系统将为至少22种被国际自然保护联盟记录在册的在该地域过冬、迁徙、繁殖的鸟类提供栖息地。在湖区北岸，保护性孵卵处优先重新引入了濒临灭绝的水生生物，包括三种野外已经灭绝的蛙类、一种濒危龟类及多种鱼类。公园中也设计了大量的人工栖息地，包括蝙蝠产育箱、猛禽巢穴、水禽栖息岛、两栖类闲游木、鱼类栖息结构及孔洞巢箱等。场地中的交通系统及基础设施建设均使用了有利于野生动物保护的涵洞及地下通道，并将原有的桥梁改为人行道及野生动物走廊。

The design for Zhangjiabang seeks to maximize the opportunities for regional biodiversity to recolonize and thrive. At least 22 species of IUCN listed birds that overwinter, migrate, or breed in the region will utilize the robust system of wetlands across site. At the lake’s northern shore, the conservation hatchery prioritizes the reintroduction of extirpated aquatic species, including three extirpated frogs, an endangered aquatic turtle, and a broad array of fish species. A comprehensive selection of artificial habitats throughout the park includes bat nursery boxes, raptor nest platforms, waterfowl nest islands, turtle loafing logs, submerged fish structures, and cavity nest boxes. Transportation and building infrastructure will utilize wildlife-friendly culverts and underpasses, and decommissioned existing bridges will serve as both pedestrian and wildlife corridors.

宜人的微气候

A COMFORTABLE MICROCLIMATE

项目在设计过程中对气候条件进行了细致的模拟，以通过地形改造、种植策略及经过计算的空间协同效应最大程度地改善热舒适度及空气质量。其中包括了林冠与水体的交替出现，开放空间的设计也利用当地夏季盛行的东南风，促进了整个场地的自然降温，使场地四季宜人。基于大量已发表的科学数据，项目中微气候的设计对整体规划中生态系统服务将带来的社会生态效益进行了量化。据估计，张家浜公园中将种植至少10万棵树木，这将为整个场地带来切实的微气候效益并有效减少污染。现有的数据表明，得益于微气候的营造，公园中的气温可比上海市区低3~7℃，这对于身处热浪中的市民而言将是一大福音。而公园中相对较深的湖泊也可利用其处于上风向的优势，促进热传递与蒸发降温，为整个公园带来阵阵宜人凉风。

The design process included detailed climate modeling, with the goal of maximizing thermal comfort and air quality benefits through landforms, planting strategies, and calculated spatial synergies. The program is configured such that alternating forest canopy, waterbodies, and open fields are aligned with prevailing southeast summer winds to enhance passive cooling and provide four season choices. This microclimate design is richly informed by published scientific data which was employed to quantify the socio-ecological benefits of ecosystem services provided by the master plan. An estimated minimum of 100,000 trees will be planted in Zhangjiabang Park, providing tangible microclimate benefits and pollution mitigation. Existing data suggests that the microclimate of the park will be on the order of 3-7 degrees Celsius cooler than downtown Shanghai, providing significant public health benefits during heat waves. Zhangjiabang’s relatively deep lake will provide increased heat transfer and evaporative cooling at an upwind position that will decrease downwind temperatures throughout the entire park.

建立持续的社会参与过程

BUILDING A ROBUST ENGAGEMENT PROCESS

张家浜公园在文化活动方面开展了创新性的线上活动，用户可以按时间和类别情景化地浏览活动内容，这吸引了众多市民的参与和支持。该项举措使得设计团队令客户、来自不同领域的科学家和专家、地区级设计机构，以及其他对本项目感兴趣的团体参与到规划过程中来。设计团队反复听取交互会议中获取的信息，并应用到对公园元素及其配置的优化中。

Cultural programming for Zhangjiabang Park gained stakeholder input through the development of an innovative online tool that allows users to spatially visualize program elements across time and by different categories. This allowed the Sasaki team to engage the client, a wide range of scientists and experts, regional design institutes, and other interest groups in the planning process. Information gleaned from interactive meetings was then iteratively used to refine the park’s elements and their configuration.

与城市连通

CONNECTED TO THE CITY

公园周边为面积3.46平方公里的公共交通导向型中等密度混合用地开发带。原先空闲的工业地块如今已被整合为一个统一的公共开放空间，服务于两个关键的城市核心区。形式多样而又彼此连通的游道在宜人的尺度上提供了连续而变化的景致和生态环境，人们可以在森林、树丛、带有木栈道的湿地、草甸、草坪和各种场所之间穿梭徜徉。而城市中的主要游线则串联起场地中的主要活动场所，将两个城市核心区紧密地联系了起来。

Totaling 8.4 square kilometers, the 4.94 square kilometer park is bounded by 3.46 square kilometers of medium density, transit-oriented, mixed-use development. Vacant industrial parcels are consolidated into a unified public open space anchored by two key urban cores. The multiple connective trails offer continuous human-scale interest, changing surface, and ecological context as they transition through forests, groves, boardwalk wetlands, meadows, lawns, and destination nodes. The urban spine trail threads through primary event spaces and provides a strong link between the two urban centers. Zhangjiabang’s eastern flank includes a large recreational complex of play fields enveloped by low forested topography and situated adjacent to a subway station. A playful labyrinth, sculpture gardens, and innovative play landscapes provide many options for families. In total, the 26.5 kilometer trail system provides 18.5 kilometers of universally accessible paths and 8 kilometers of unpaved trails throughout the park.

张家浜公园的东侧设有一个大型的综合娱乐设施，活动场地为矮林环绕，且与地铁站毗邻，交通便捷。场地中充满趣味的迷宫、雕塑花园及创新性游乐景观，为家庭活动提供了更加多样的选择。总体而言，在全长26.5公里的游道系统中包括18.5公里的无障碍区段与8公里的未经铺砌的园中道路。张家浜公园的城市开发地块方案始终遵循绿色基础设施建设的最佳实践标准，其目的是减少暴雨径流量、改善公园中的水体水质。街道可将雨水排入生物过滤系统中，该生物过滤系统亦是人行道和车行道的缓冲带，使行人免受车流交通的影响。设有排水暗渠的行道树池，以及人行道和自行车道下方结构性土壤的大量使用将显著提高行道树的健康与活力水平，进而提高树木的地下蓄水力。

The urban development parcels of Zhangjiabang adhere to best practice standards for green infrastructure in order to reduce stormwater quantity and further improve water quality throughout the park. Streets will drain into stormwater biofiltration systems that buffer the pedestrian experience from adjacent traffic lanes. Under-drained street tree trenches and the extensive use of structural soils beneath sidewalks and bike lanes will maximize street tree health and vigor, and further increase subsurface stormwater storage capacity.

积极改变的催化剂

A CATALYST FOR POSITIVE CHANGE

该项目的规模恰是其面临的另一大挑战。2016年，项目4期工程中的首期工程破土动工。这种阶段性推进的建设过程将有助于吸引社会资本，向公众宣导公园人工栖息地的重要性，并最终在上海的中心区域开启环境意识的新纪元。张家浜公园的植物多样性需要在中国本土植物培育方面取得新的突破，其也将可能形成该地区中更加综合、信息化的园艺产业。设计团队的方案同时也期望提高人们对于城市绿地开发中那些已被利用及被浪费掉的资源的保护意识，并对目前整个大上海地区的改造项目中的植被进行挽救性保护。总体而言，随着设计向详细设计阶段不断推进，项目的目标转向更新政府官员观念，从原先的宣传口号和“绿色化妆运动”向为上海建立一种真正的新型城市生态转变。

The very scale of the project also is part of its challenge, but implementation is moving forward with the first of five phases breaking ground in 2016. This phased construction process will help to build social capital, train local stakeholders in the value of the park’s constructed habitats, and ultimately ignite a new era of environmental awareness in the heart of Shanghai. The park’s botanical diversity will require new advances in native Chinese plant propagation, and likely will result in a more versatile and informed horticultural industry in the region. The design team’s proposals also seek to raise awareness of the resources being exploited and wasted in greenfield developments in the city, with a goal of salvaging plants from concurrent redevelopment projects throughout the greater Shanghai region. Overall, as the project moves forward into more detailed design phases, the objective is to evolve the understanding of public officials to move beyond propaganda buzzwords and greenwash towards a genuine embrace of a new urban ecology for Shanghai.

项目名称：张家浜楔形绿地城市设计及景观概念规划

项目位置：中国上海

业主名称：上海市政府、上海市浦东土地发展（控股）公司

完成日期：2015年7月

规模：843公顷

服务范围：规划及城市设计、景观建筑

Project name: Zhangjiabang Urban Design and Landscape Master Plan

Project location: Shanghai, China

Client name: City of Shanghai

Completion date: July 2015

Size: 843 hectares

Services: Planning and Urban Design / Landscape Architecture

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