乐山东林村镇文化中心 | 传统与现代交融的乡村社交空间

2021年初，乐山市的东林镇找到我们，希望时地建筑可以为当地村镇设计一座乡村综合体建筑。时地建筑自从设立之初就一直在做“公益建筑计划”，每年有2个非盈利设计名额，面向那些真诚的希望以设计来改变当地，而又无法提供正常设计费用的项目。我们希望让更多的普通人可以感受设计带来的改变，这一点和东林镇的负责人一拍即合，于此开始了本案的设计。

——李烨

In early 2021, we were approached by the town of Donglin in Leshan to design a rural complex building for the local village. Since its establishment, Studio Dali Architects has been working on the ‘Architecture program for public welfare’, with two non-profit design quotas each year for projects that genuinely hope to make a beneficial change to the local village through design but cannot afford the normal design fees. We hope to enable more ordinary people to experience the changes brought about by design. This idea resonated with the officials in charge of Donglin Town, and thus began the design of this project.

——Li Ye

▼视频，Video

▼东林村镇文化中心，Donglin Town Cultural Center

01

一个“隔天”热闹的

时光边缘小镇

A small town on the edge of time located in Sichuan

有烟火的生活是什么样子？街巷穿梭其中的擦肩，菜市场讨价还价的嘈杂，小吃摊上升的蒸汽……自古最“烟火”的地方便是——赶集，在川渝称作“赶场”，是一场四里八乡的盛大购物节。

东林镇，由林木多和赶集得名的小镇，位于拥有双遗产和四川终极逍遥的城市-乐山。区位交通使东林远离这份热闹，默默无名，是一个时光边缘的桃花源小镇，有“东林场”之称的东林，自古的热闹便是逢双（日）的赶集。2021年初，时地建筑到东林踏勘，第一印象感觉是一种萧条，在街上很少看到人，老百姓也很少出来，经后来调研了解到，镇上一直缺乏日常活动和为社区服务的公共空间。

What does a lively life look like? People walking in the streets, the sound of bargaining in the market, steam rising from food stalls… Throughout history, the liveliest place in China has always been the marketplace, known as “ganchang” in Sichuan and Chongqing, where people from miles around come to shop and socialize.

Donglin Town, named after its abundant forests and bustling markets, is located in the dual-heritage city of Leshan. Due to its remote location and lack of transportation, Donglin has remained relatively unknown and underdeveloped, with few public spaces for community activities.

▼时光边缘的桃花源小镇，A small town on the edge of time

▼因两侧居民楼紧贴着主街（省道），高频率穿梭的大货车压缩了人们相互交流的空间，Because the residential buildings on both sides are close to the main street (provincial highway), the high frequency of large trucks compress the space for people to communicate with each other

据悉东林常住人口约5000人，其中80%以上是老年人。在城市化进程中，时光边缘的小镇也被消磨出现空心化和老龄化等乡村面临的普遍问题。尽管如此，我们观察到空心化乡镇对公共空间的需求，在调研的第二日恰逢“赶场”，看着背着背篓已步行1小时的阿婆和坐着电动轮椅上坡下坡的大爷，都赶着去往这场热闹。赶集的现场和“萧条”的初印象完全相反，赶场的中心场是讨价还价的买卖，边缘场是翘着二郎腿静坐的围观，这些画面构成了一本地方的“记忆手册”，它从历史中走来，记录了传承的过去，成为维系村镇地域身份认同的情感纽带和文化源流。

As of early 2021, the town’s permanent population was approximately 5,000, with over 80% being elderly. Like many rural areas, Donglin has faced the challenges of hollowing out and an aging population in the process of urbanization. Nevertheless, we have observed a demand for public space in hollowed-out towns. Contrary to the initial impression of emptiness, the marketplace scene is bustling with people haggling over prices at the center and others sitting around drinking tea and watching on the periphery. These scenes form a “memory handbook” of the local area, which has been passed down through history and become a cultural source and emotional bond that helps maintain the town’s regional identity.

▼逢双号赶集，村民都走出来奔赴这场盛会了，The local residents come out for the market on even days of the month

02

一个屋檐下的走街串巷

回应村民的传统生活

A street under one roof responds to the traditional life of rural residents

项目作为三村一镇的文化中心，其中包含村民服务、乡村超市、乡村图书馆、老人照料中心、儿童中心、会议室、乡村特产展览和直播间等若干个综合性的公共功能，具备了以公共空间聚集人气的潜力。如何把这“隔天的烟火”延续到日常？如何把镇民的“生活熟悉感”放在建筑里？我们在观察、调研和设计的实践中，不断的探索答案。

东林镇位于四川盆地常见的平原浅丘地貌，一条不宽的东林河穿越镇域，串起了场镇和若干村落，河上的白果桥是三村一镇的交界处，建筑选址就位于白果桥头一块长方形的地块。观察场镇的空间形态，由于河丘地理与沿河主干道的影响，场镇呈线性发展，围绕一条主街沿河展开，因此居民的主要生活也大多分布在主街两侧以及沿街形成的支巷之间。文化中心作为场镇公共空间的延续，我们希望建筑的空间体验可以与原生形成的聚落形态有所关联，在建筑中可以延续镇民所熟悉的“街道感”，为当地人的交流创造更加亲切的环境。

As a cultural center for three villages and one town, the project contains several comprehensive public functions such as villagers’ services, a village supermarket, a reading room, an old’s activity room, a children’s activity room, a meeting room, an exhibition of village specialties and a live broadcast studio , which has the potential to gather popularity as a public space. How to extend the “Hustle-and-bustle” to daily life? How to integrate the “familiarity of life” of the town residents into the building? In our observation, research and design practice, we are constantly exploring the answers.

Donglin Town is located in the plain and shallow hill landform commonly seen in the Sichuan Basin and a narrow Donglin River runs through the town, linking the town with several villages. The Baiguo Bridge on the river is the boundary of three villages and one town, and the building is located on a rectangular plot of land at the head of the Baiguo Bridge. Observing the spatial form of the town, due to the influence of the river and hill geography and the main road along the river, the town has a linear development, unfolding along the main street along the river. Therefore, the main life of the residents is mostly distributed between the two sides of the main street and the branch lanes formed along the street. As a continuation of the public space of the town, we hope that the spatial experience of the building can be related to the original formation of the settlement, and that the “street feeling” familiar to the residents can be continued in the building to create a more intimate environment for local people to communicate.

▼场镇呈线性发展，围绕一条主街沿河展开，项目地位于三村一镇的交汇处，The village-towns is linearly developed around a main street along the river, and this project site is located at the intersection of three villages and one town

▼建筑体块生成：建筑中延续镇民所熟悉的“街道感”，Generation of building blocks： continuing the “street feeling” familiar to residents in the architecture

▼村镇文化中心一层平面图，First floor plan

建筑设计强调了文化空间的开放性，多种不同的功能需求汇聚在同一片屋檐下，无阻碍的向公众开放，村民可以在任何时候自由的出入檐下空间。建筑内部通过空间的错落和调整，形成了一条穿越建筑的开放式的“主街”，以及主街周围不同尺度的“巷”“院”“坝”“廊”等开放空间。

The design of the building emphasizes the openness of the cultural space, with a variety of different functions converging under one roof, which is open to the public without any obstruction, and villagers can freely access the under-roof space at any time. By arranging and adjusting the internal space in a staggered way, an open “main street” that runs through the building and open spaces such as “alleys,” “courtyards,” “terraces,” and “corridors” of different scales are formed around the main street.

▼四川浅丘地貌，The gentle hills terrain of Sichuan Province

▼各个功能在一个屋檐下沿着河面徐徐展开，All functions unfold slowly under one roof along the river surface

在主街的中心位置留出一片檐下的院坝空间，摆放着竹桌竹椅，形成老四川“坝坝茶”的社交场景，希望老人、小孩、游客、政府工作人员和志愿者在此轻松的汇聚。这种开放式处理回应了四川当地的气候与文化，也适应了不同人群的公共生活使用形态，创造出多种漫游路径的可能性。

In the center of the main street, a gabled courtyard space is set aside with bamboo tables and chairs, forming a social scene of the old Sichuan “The traditional way of drinking tea”, where the elderly, children, tourists, government workers and volunteers are expected to gather with relaxation. This open approach responds to the local climate and culture of Sichuan and also adapts to the public life patterns of different groups, creating the possibility of multiple wandering paths.

▼建筑主街中心是面向公众开敞的“中心院”，The central street of the building is the ‘central courtyard’ which faces the public

▼“主街”，”Main Street”

▼“巷”，”Lane”

▼二层的“坝”，The “Terrace” on the second floor

▼“廊”，”Corridor”

03

用“日常生活”

构建多元活力的社交空间

Building a diverse and dynamic social space with “daily life”

日常生活是形成一个活力社区的基础。在乡村，公共空间是日常生产生活的载体，随着时间的累积形成了不可或缺的集体记忆。同时地方集体记忆又影响着村民对村庄的归属感和认可度，因此我们希望通过设计新的公共空间而延续和加深村民的地方集体记忆。

The foundation of creating a vibrant community lies in daily life. In rural areas, public spaces serve as the carrier of daily productive and living activities, accumulating into indispensable collective memories over time. Meanwhile, the collective local memories also influence the sense of belonging and recognition of the villagers towards their village. Therefore, we hope to continue and deepen the villagers’ collective local memories through the design of new public spaces.

▼早上8:00，太阳穿透薄雾照向文化中心，准备迎接在便民中心上班的工作人员，At 8:00am, the sun shines through the thin fog onto the Cultural Center, ready to welcome the staff working at the Convenience Center

▼早上9:00，送完小孩上学妈妈们，回家做饭前来到这里歇一脚，At 9:00am, mothers who have dropped off their children at school come here to take a break before going home to cook

▼早上9:30忙完农活的村民们会来到檐下坐着聊聊天和在一起做一些简单的手工活，At 9:30am, villagers who have finished their farm work come to sit under the eaves to chat together and do some simple handicrafts together

▼早上10:00陆陆续续来村镇合并的便民中心办事，At 10:00am, one after another, people come to the convenience center where villages and towns are integrated to do their business

通过构建多元活力的社交空间，以满足老人、小孩、游客、政府工作人员等不同人群的日常社交需求，同时创造亲和熟悉的社交环境，促进人们在此聊天、生产、生活、办事、参加活动等，增强人们的互动来形成具有地方特色的集体记忆。对于东林镇这类空心化和老龄化严重的乡镇，通过社会记忆的方式，来记录、印刻、传递当地独有的风土人情、地方民俗等可识别的文化形式，从而形成一个新的“文化记忆场所”来抵御地域文化身份认同的逐渐消失。

By constructing a diverse and dynamic social space to meet the need for belonging of different groups, such as the elderly, children, tourists, and government staff, while also fostering an approachable and familiar social environment to promote people to chat, produce, live, work, participate in activities, and enhance their interactions to form collective memories with local characteristics. For towns like Donglin, which are hollowed out and aging, it is important to record, print and transmit identifiable cultural forms such as the unique local customs, local folklore and so on, thus forming a new “cultural memory site” to counteract the gradual disappearance of regional cultural identity.

▼下午14:00一层阅读室和二层院坝是年轻人们的阅读时光，At 2:00pm, the first-floor reading room and the second-floor courtyard are the reading spots for young people

▼下午14:30，午睡后，忙完家务的老人们，陆陆续续来到中心院坝散散步、聊聊天、等待牌友、看看风景，At 2:30pm, after a nap, the elderly who have finished their housework come to the central courtyard one after another to take a walk, chat, wait for their card-playing friends or enjoy the scenery

▼下午15:00，从乐山市井研县妇幼保健计划生育服务中心的医护人们来到老年活动中心为老年人们义诊和进行，At 3:00pm, medical staff from the Maternal and Child Health Care and Family Planning Service Center of Jingyan County, Leshan City come to the Senior Activity Center to conduct voluntary medical consultations and services for the elderly

▼下午16:00，小朋友们放学来到儿童活动中心和沙坑玩，At 4:00pm, the children came to the children’s activity center and the sandpit to play after school

▼晚上19:30，各个村的村民们，一家老小，散步来到文化中心，有的在檐下歇歇脚，有的在中心院坝开个热闹的家庭会议，有的在儿童活动中心陪孩子玩耍…… 这些日常烟火沿河河面徐徐展开，At 7:30pm, the villagers from various villages, along with their families, take a stroll to the cultural center. Some rest under the eaves, some hold lively family meetings in the courtyard, some accompany their children to play in the Children’s Activity Center… These daily activities unfold slowly along the river

04

低造价公共空间的探索

为边缘乡村种下一颗种子

Exploration of low-cost public space planted a seed for remote villages

设计中采取了多种方式控制造价，争取在有限的资金内实现更多的空间价值。建筑结构采用低技模数化结构，主体采用混凝土框架，屋面采用钢木混合结构，成本经济，易于建造；建筑节点简化，整个建筑采用有限的墙身构造节点，通过排列组合的方式增加其丰富度；建筑材料全部选用项目50公里范围内可寻到的常见材料，“粗粮细作”。以上手段成功的将建筑连装修造价控制在1500元每平米，同时也为建筑营造了一种既朴素又丰富的空间体验。

The design adopts various ways to control the cost and strive to achieve more spatial value within the limited funds. The building structure uses a low-tech modular structure, with a concrete frame structure for the main body and a steel-wood hybrid structure for the roof, which is economical and easy to construct. The building nodes are simplified, with a limited number of wall constructions nods used throughout the building, increasing its richness through arrangement and combination. All building materials were selected from common materials found within 50 kilometers of the project site, emphasizing locally sourced, rough and fine materials. These measures successfully controlled the construction and decoration costs within 1,500 yuan per square meter, while also creating a spatial experience for the building that is both simple and rich.

▼东林村镇文化中心爆炸图，Explosion at Donglin Town Cultural Center

在建筑的空间氛围塑造中，强调了屋顶与地面的材料质感，而有意在中间层，即墙体层次，采用了较为抽象的表面，削弱了墙体的材料属性。这一策略的目的是创造一种更为清晰可读的空间秩序。建筑的屋顶和地面是较为整体且尺度较大的几何平面，因此保留了钢木瓦屋面和水磨石地面的材料感，增加细节处理，削弱其尺度感而强调其作为空间氛围限定的意义。墙体的转折和空间处理较为丰富，因此采用光感柔和的灰色水泥漆抹面，降低其材料感，使人的体验更加关注在空间转折与光影变化。门窗开洞部份采用了木材和金属，在抽象中利用材料质感的片段吸引人的注意，提示了建筑开洞以促进沟通与交流的意图。

In the shaping of the spatial atmosphere of the building, emphasis is placed on the material textures of the roof and ground. while a more abstract surface is intentionally used at the intermediate level, the wall level, which weakens the material properties of the walls. The purpose of this strategy is to create a more clearly readable spatial order. The roof and floor of the building are more monolithic and large scale geometric planes, so the materiality of the steel shingle roof and terrazzo floor is preserved, and the detailing is added to weaken their sense of scale and emphasize their significance as a spatial ambience definition. The walls are rich in transitions and spatial treatments, so a soft grey cement paint is used to reduce the sense of materiality and make the human experience more focused on spatial transitions and changes in light and shadow. The door and window openings are made of wood and metal, and the use of material texture fragments in abstraction attracts people’s attention, indicating the intention of the building’s openings to promote communication and interaction.

▼东林文化中心，Donglin Town Cultural Center

东林文化中心建成后立刻收到了当地居民的欢迎，现在已经成为当地村镇最热闹的公共空间。我们可以观察到多种在地化的设计策略增加了建筑与当地的联系，使建筑更融于本土环境，也使当地的居民更易于接受这个新生的建筑空间，从而产生情感上的连接。我们期待新的建筑可以满足使用功能以外，还可以为当地带来新的身份认知与生活启发。

The Donglin Town Cultural Center was immediately welcomed by the local residents and is now the most vibrant public space in the local village. We can observe that various localized design strategies have increased the connection between the building and the local area, making the building more integrated into the local environment and making the new architectural space more accessible to the local residents, thus creating an emotional connection. It is expected that the new building will not only serve a functional purpose, but also bring a new identity and inspiration to the local area.

▼东林村镇文化中心总平面图，General plan of Donglin Town Cultural Center

▼东林村镇文化中心一层平面图，Floor plan of Donglin Town Cultural Center

▼东林村镇文化中心二层平面图，Second floor plan of Donglin Town Cultural Center

▼东林村镇文化中心立面图，Elevation of Donglin Town Cultural Center

▼东林村镇文化中心1-1剖面图，Donglin Town Cultural Center 1-1 section

▼东林村镇文化中心2-2剖面图，Donglin Town Cultural Center 2-2 section

▼东林村镇文化中心剖面大样图，Donglin Town cultural center section drawing

项目名称：乐山市东林村镇文化中心

项目类型：公共建筑

项目地点：四川省乐山市井研县东林镇红花村

设计单位：时地建筑工作室

主持建筑师：李烨

设计团队：李烨、张家轩、张寻、兰蓝（策划）

业主：乐山市井研县东林镇人民政府

设计时间：2021.06-2021.08

建设时间：2021.11-2022.12

占地面积：994.7平方米

建筑面积：1114.4平方米

结构设计：郝童志

施工单位：四川久泰成鑫建设工程有限公司

主要材料：钢材、木材、混凝土、加气混凝土砖、小青瓦

Project Name: Donglin Town Cultural Center in Leshan City

Project Type: Public building

Project Location: Honghua Village, Donglin Town, Jingyan County, Leshan City, Sichuan Province

Design Companies: Studio Dali Architects

Design Principal: Li Ye

Design Team: Li Ye, Zhang Jiaxuan, Zhang Xun, Lan Lan (planner)

Clients: People’s Government of Donglin Town, Jingyan County, Leshan City

Design Time:2021.06-2021.08

Construction Time: 2021.11-2022.12

Site Area: 994.7 square meters

Building Area: 1114.4 square meters

Structural Design: Hao Tongzhi

Construction Unit: Sichuan Jiutai Chengxin Construction Engineering Co., Ltd.

Main Materials: Steel, wood, concrete, aerated concrete bricks, small blue tiles