新地国家公园（Nieuw Land National Park）

Nieuw Land国家公园是世界上最大的人造自然公园。它位于阿姆斯特丹的大都市区附近，坐落于前Zuiderzee（南海，Southern Sea）的旧址上。Nieuw Land国家公园占地29,000公顷，涵盖了众多现有的自然保护区，如：Oostvaardersplassen自然保护区、Lepelaarplassen自然保护区、Marker Wadden自然保护区和Trintelzand自然保护区等。可以说，如果没有20世纪50-60年代位于弗莱福兰（Flevoland）的土地开垦工程，上述的这些自然保护区将永不复存在。事实上，虽然我们没有意识到，即使是在大片面积的开垦地上，自然仍然能够自由地生长，并占据主导地位。

▼公园局部景观，partial view of the Nieuw Land

The Nieuw Land National Park is the largest man-made natural park in the world. It is located near the metropolitan region of Amsterdam and sits on the bottom of the former Zuiderzee (Southern Sea). Nieuw Land covers 29,000 hectares and incorporates numerous existing nature reserves: the Oostvaardersplassen, the Lepelaarplassen, Marker Wadden and Trintelzand. These reserves would never have existed without the land reclamation works in Flevoland in the 1950s and 1960s – it was unintentional, in fact, that nature was given free rein over large areas of the reclaimed land.

▼公园区域图，公园将四个自然保护区联系在了一起，改造前（左），改造后（右），the zone map, Nieuw Land connects four reserves, before (left), after (right)

▼公园总体规划图，masterplan of the Nieuw Land

首先，Nieuw Land国家公园是一个鸟类保护区，由于具有充足的食物和环境良好的栖息地，数十种国家保护物种都将这里视为它们繁衍生息之地。考虑到Nieuw Land国家公园国家公园位于一个充满活力的大都市区的中心地段，或多或少地都会受到气候变化的影响，将四个自然保护区整合规划到一个国家公园内的这个举措增强了Nieuw Land国家公园的生态意义，同时为该地区的未来发展提供了新的机会。

Nieuw Land is first and foremost a bird reserve, with dozens of protected species attracted by the ample food supply and sheltered places for rest and breeding. The integration of four nature reserves into one National Park offers new opportunities for strengthening the ecological significance of Nieuw Land and for securing the future of this area. After all, Nieuw Land sits in the middle of a dynamic metropolitan region and will be impacted by climate change.

▼公园总规划节点说明，highlights of the Nieuw Land masterplan

“Nieuw Land将成为一个游客体验为中心的新型国家公园。该公园不仅将会为各个年龄段的游客带去一种极具吸引力和教育意义的体验，还能够将城市与自然更加紧密地联系在一起。它将会有一系列的特色空间，如堤坝、沼泽和芦苇景观、新建岛屿以及更多的动植物空间，辅以各式休息空间，为游客们创造出一个可以在夜晚观赏星空和原野、进行野外探险的地方。” Francine Houben这样说道。

“Nieuw Land will be a new kind of national park, one in which visitor experience is central. The park will be an attractive and educational experience for all generations and will bring the city and nature closer together. It will feature many dikes, marshlands and reed landscapes, new islands, and even more flora and fauna – with space for rest, darkness to view the starry sky, wilderness and adventure.” – Francine Houben

▼公园节点体验详图，details of the Nieuw Land experience spot

这几年来，我们一直在致力于发展一个强大且可迅速恢复的生态系统，这将是一个持续的过程；这个过程包括Oostvaardersplassen自然保护区和Lepelaarplassen自然保护区的湿润工作，以及Marker Wadden自然保护区和Trintelzand自然保护区的新岛建设工作。Nieuw Land国家公园的总体规划是上述工作的下一步动作。主要的自然保护区——Oostvaardersplassen自然保护区、Lepelaarplassen自然保护区、Marker Wadden自然保护区和Trintelzand自然保护区等——的面积将会被进一步扩大，同时它们彼此之间的联系也会更加紧固。在公园内增加岛屿、沼泽、溪流、湿地和水体联系的举措将会创造一个连续的生态系统，从而为鸟类提供了更大的栖息地——它们可以在一个区域内觅食，而在另一个区域内繁衍。

The development of a robust and resilient ecosystem has been an ongoing process for several years; it includes the wetting of the Oostvaardersplassen area and the Lepelaarplassen, as well as the construction of new islands in the Marker Wadden and Trintelzand. The Nieuw Land masterplan is the next step in this process. The key nature reserves – Oostvaardersplassen, the Lepelaarplassen, Marker Wadden and Trintelzand – will be enlarged and the connections between them will be strengthened. Adding islands, marshlands, creeks, wet grasslands and water connections will create a continuous ecosystem. It will thus be easier for birds to forage in one area and rest or breed in another.

▼公园局部，公园为鸟类提供了栖息地，partial view of the Nieuw Land which provides birds with the habitat

在接下来的20年里，这四个自然保护区将会被逐渐联系在一起，从而形成一个连续的自然公园。与此同时，Nieuw Land国家公园内也将变得更加便利，游客可以骑着单车、划着独木舟、步行或者乘坐电动吉普车来探索这个自然区域。此外，沿着数公里长的堤坝而建的现有休息区，如沿着Markermeer的Oostvaardersdijk休息区、直接贯穿了湖泊的Houtribdijk休息区和Knardijk休息区等，将被打造为Nieuw Land国家公园的景观休息平台。在这个具有国际意义的鸟类天堂中，游客能够发现许多不同品种的鸟类，同时欣赏壮观的自然景色。建筑师希望在Nieuw Land国家公园处建造一个名为“自然之站（nature station）”的火车站，因此，游客们便可以从阿姆斯特丹大都市区和其他城市地区乘坐火车，轻松地抵达公园。

Over the next twenty years, the four nature reserves will gradually be connected to form a continuous park. At the same time, Nieuw Land will be made more accessible so that visitors will be able to discover the area by bike, canoe, on foot or with an electric Jeep. The existing rest areas along the kilometre-long dikes – the Oostvaardersdijk along the Markermeer, the Houtribdijk which cuts straight through the lake, and the Knardijk – will become the belvédères of Nieuw Land. In this bird paradise of international significance, visitors will be able to spot numerous bird species and enjoy a spectacular view. With the proposed Nieuw Land “nature station” (train station), the park will be easily accessible by train from the Amsterdam metropolitan region and other urban areas.

▼公园局部，游客可以乘船探索这个自然区域，partial view of the Nieuw Land, visitors will be able to discover the area by canoe

Programme: development vision and masterplan for a 29,000 ha national park with four core nature reserves: the Oostvaardersplassen, the Lepelaarplassen, Marker Wadden and Trintelzand Client: province of Flevoland, municipality of Almere, municipality of Lelystad, Staatsbosbeheer and Natuurmonumenten (two national public bodies and land owners of nature reserves, commissioned to conserve and develop green heritage), Flevo-landschap (regional public body for green heritage preservation and development in Flevoland), Rijkswaterstaat (Dutch ministry of infrastructure and water management), Waterschap Zuiderzeeland (regional public body for water management in Zuiderzeeland) Design: 2018-2019, Mecanoo architecten