西府里文化艺术村丨中国宝鸡丨成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

宝鸡市金台区“西府里”文化艺术村这个项目和以往我主持设计的很多项目不同，它的生命力和有可能的持续生存状态引起了我浓厚的兴趣。历时四年，经历了“新冠”高峰期，在区政府、街道办、村委会、原住村民、经营方、艺术家、民俗收藏家、餐饮经营者等等的共同推动下，在原有的“新农村”（这个词是中国特有的名词，是一个时代的现象缩影）基础上，逐步呈现了一个完全崭新的面貌。

▼项目沿街外观，external view of the project along the street ©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

The Project of “Xifu Native Town” Culture and Art Village in Jintai District of Baoji City is very different from many other projects that I have led and designed in the past. The village’s vitality and the possible sustainable existentiality fascinates me. This project lasted four years and endured the peak time of the Covid-19 pandemic in China. Promoted jointly by the district government, local street office, village committee, native villagers, operators, artists, folk article collectors, and catering operators, and built on the base of the previous “New Village” (an expression with Chinese characteristics, an epitome of the phenomenon for an era), this place gradually presents a brand new look.

▼鸟瞰图，aerial view©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

无意中迎合了十九大提出的“乡村振兴”这一概念（项目设计启动时间是 2017 年，早于十九大之前）。它是一个典型的“乡村振兴”之路的第一条路——城乡融合之路的案例。虽然最终案名的确立有着非常重的商业意图——“西府里”，又或是经营方有着最基本的初衷——为了隔壁的商业街做些商业业态的补充，但其最终呈现出来的状态，却不可否认的成为了城乡融合发展的典型案例。

This project happened to fit the concept of the “rural revitalization” proposed on the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (the project design started in 2017, which was before the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China launched this initiative). It is a typical case that shows the first path to rural revitalization, that is to integrate the urban and rural areas. Its final case name “Xifu Native Town” does express a great amount of commercial ambition, and the operation team’s initial intention is to make some complement to the commercial activities for the neighboring commercial street. But somehow, the final state delivered has undoubtedly made the project a typical case of the urban-rural integrated development.

▼沿街建筑近景鸟瞰，closer aerial view of the building along the street©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

即盘活了闲置村宅，扩展了城镇边界，也为第三产业融入乡村提供了一处优质空间；即为仍然坚持留下来的原住村民提供了新的生存样板，也为新入驻的艺术家、收藏家、餐饮经营者提供了一处雅致田园居所。这种最终呈现出来的状态在过程中着实有些运气成分使然，是各方角色互相妥协后出现的一种结果，但目前来看却恰恰达到了一种新型社区平衡状态：闲置村宅的原住民拿到了租金，多了一项收入，留下的原住民（该村落共 38 户居民，19 户未搬迁）居住环境得到了很大的改善，并可以打开自家围墙做生意，新进的商业经营者可以统筹科学的管理整个社区，无处安置的艺术家、民俗收藏家在这儿用低廉的价格租到了满意的房子，政府为人民办了好事，出了政绩，当地的市民多了一个闲暇时的去处，游客多了一个目的地，城市多了一个新地标……各方多赢的局面欣欣向荣。

▼屋顶上的 logo，logo on the roof©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

Many empty village houses have been efficiently used, the urban boundaries have been expanded, and a high-quality space for the tertiary industries to integrate into the countryside has been provided. It has offered a new way of life for the native villagers who choose to stay where they have been living, and served as an elegant pastoral residence for newcomers like artists, art collectors and catering operators. Surely the final presentation of this project is completed with some luck in the process and is achieved by the compromises from many parties, while for now this successful project has delivered a great new community balance: the native villagers get the rental from their unused houses; the ones who stay in the village (38 households in the village and 19 households stay) enjoy the living environment of great improvement and can open the door to do some business; the new commercial operators can scientifically coordinate and manage the entire community; unsettled artists and folk article collectors can rent these renovated houses in the village at very low prices; the government makes great performance for its people; it offers the local citizens one extra choice for their leisure time, the tourists one more location to visit and creates a new landmark for the city; it is beneficial from any aspect and everything is thriving.

▼连接项目内部的道路，street into the project©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

在解释这个项目的设计前，我们先看下背景。宝鸡市有着悠久的历史，古称“陈仓”，南邻秦岭，北侧为台塬地，沿渭河呈东西方向狭长布局。随着这些年的城市快速发展，城市的东西方向的扩张遇到了瓶颈，南侧又是秦岭自然保护区，于是迫使城市的发展边界不得不向北侧台塬地带扩展（塬——黄土高原特有的地理地貌特征）。

Before elaborating the design of this project, let’s first look at the background. City of Baoji has a long history and is called “Chen Cang” in ancient times. It is adjacent to the Qinling Mountains to the south and its northern parts are terrace-like plain. Along the Weihe River it shows east-west long and narrow layout. The bottleneck of Baoji’s expansion in its east and west after the rapid development over the years plus the natural block of the Qinling Mountains Nature Reserve to its south forces the city’s development boundary move to the northern terrace-like plain area. (Yuan, terrace-like plain, geographical feature peculiar to Loess Plateau)

▼宝鸡的地貌特征，terrain of Baoji City©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司

台塬的边侧地带一般是坡度较大的黄土坡，本来在这里有很多村宅，但由于特殊的地质原因，常年水土流失严重，边侧不断垮塌，地质灾害严重，原始村落不断消亡。

在 1995 年左右，为了使广大农村居民得到住房改善，当时国家出台了“新农村建设”的惠民政策，这一政策的出台促使原居住条件恶劣的村民逐渐搬迁至塬上居住，也就是现在的项目所在地“胜利塬”。

当年为了尽快落实党中央的英明惠民政策，塬上的新村建设在那个缺少技术资源支撑的年代，利用现成的建筑规划图纸快速地落实了一批住宅。

那个时候全国几乎一张图，千篇一律，于是成为了现在这个“西府里”项目的基础格局。规划呈“兵营”式布局，街道尺度预留倒是很大，但人车混流，空间感受很不舒服。

▼基地原状，original condition of the site©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司

▼改造方案，renovation strategy

©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司

The side areas of the terrace-like plain are generally steep loess slopes. Originally, there were many village houses here, but because of the peculiar geological reasons, there is serious soil erosion throughout the year and the sides keep collapsing, causing huge geological damage and the primitive villages to disappear. Around 1995, in order to improve the housing of rural residents, China released the preferential policy of “New Countryside Construction” that helped the villagers with poor living conditions to gradually relocate to the terrace-like plain, namely the current “Shengliyuan”, where this project is conducted. In order to implement the Party Central Committee’s wise policy of benefiting the people as soon as possible, the construction of new villages on the plain used ready-made architectural planning drawings to quickly complete a batch of residential buildings in that era when there was in shortage of technical resource support. At that time, the architectural plans and blueprint were basically shared throughout the city. It became the basic pattern of the current “Xifu Native Town” project. The plan is built with a “barracks” layout, and the street scale was reserved, but the mixed traffic of people and vehicles did make it overcrowded and space-wise, it does not feel comfortable.

▼建筑改造概念草图，concept sketch for architectural renovation©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司

建筑外观基本上抄搬了“新徽派”的粉墙黛瓦风格，还好的一点就是当年的建筑设计师在抄搬的基础上留了一点“土味”——面向庭院内部的单坡屋顶（黄土高原自古缺水，面向庭院的单坡屋顶是为了收集雨水）。这类结合了中国南北风格的新村落在塬上大兴土木，但却未留下任何存档文件。

The architectural outlook basically copied the “New Huizhou” style of white walls and black tiles but luckily that architect of the year kept a bit of “original flavor”, the single slope roof facing the courtyard. (The Loess Plateau has been in great shortage of water since ancient times, and the single slope roof facing the courtyard is for collecting rainwater). This kind of new villages combined both the northern and southern Chinese architecture style were built widely on the plains, but no archived documents were left.

▼建筑改造建议，proposal for building renovation©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司

由于当年建筑设计技术资源的匮乏，所有房屋的基础埋深都未达到现今的规范要求，很浅；排水、电力设施等管网系统也都考虑的不周全，电力荷载仅够家庭照明，后期虽加设了天然气管道，但其耗损方量也仅够家庭烧菜做饭，这为后期的改造设计留下了很大的障碍。在投资预算的探讨前期，资金非常有限，单是管网系统的改造这一项经费预算，已经达到了预投金额的 1/3，经费有限，意味着原有建筑几乎都不能动，原有建筑体都是砖混结构，一动就要做结构加强处理，费用高昂，最后只有选择在院墙、街道、代征绿地上做文章了。

▼公共空间鸟瞰，aerial view of the public space©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

▼建筑被绿树环绕，building surrounded by green trees

©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

Due to the lack of technical resources for architectural designs, the depth of foundations of all houses was too shallow to meet the requirements of today’s specifications. The pipe network systems such as drainage and power facilities were also not considered properly. The electricity supply was only sufficient for household lighting. Although natural gas pipelines were added later, the amount of power generated was still only enough for household cooking, leaving a big obstacle for the later transformation and design. Moreover, in the early-stage discussion of the investment budget, the fund were very limited. The budget for the renovation of the pipe network system alone reached 1/3 of the planned investment amount. The limited funding means that basically none of the original buildings can be changed. The buildings are all brick-concrete structures, and the structures had to be strengthened once they were changed. The expensive cost narrows down the choice into playing with the ideas on the courtyard walls, streets, and green space.

▼景观休息区，landscape resting area©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

这个项目的最大的一个有利点在于项目确立的一开始，经营方、政府就已明确了建设目标：保持建筑基本格局不动，以文化驻留、建立能自力更生的、可持续的商业，以“在地”属性的综合社区为主导，打造一处宝鸡市新名片。这一明确的方向从始贯穿致终未曾变过，为整个项目的呈现开了一个好头。

设计的第一阶段，梳理空间，调整街道尺度，规划人车交通分流，重新划分院落，布局业态，定位标志点，确立风格走向。

One of the biggest advantages for this project is that from the very beginning, the operators and the government had already set a clear construction goal: keep the basic layout of the architecture, retain its culture, and establish a self-reliant and sustainable business; create a new business card in Baoji with the orientation of a comprehensive community with local properties. This clear direction was never changed, making a good start for the presentation of the entire project. The first stage of the design was to sort out the space, adjust the street scale, plan the diversion of people and vehicles, re-divide the courtyard, plan the business form, locate the landmarks, and establish the style direction.

▼道路现状分析，analysis of the existing streets©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司

▼项目功能分区，project zoning©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司

这一阶段经过了漫长的一年多的时间，多方案的探讨，最终才落下定局。形式设计上既要照顾原建筑的混乱风格，还得有所创新，以使看起来焕然一新；既要满足可持续的商业空间需求，又要满足在地居民居住属性需求，“找平衡”成了难点。最后，这一难题的解决落在了院墙的改造上，平直的背街（建筑的北侧，原建筑体系只有南院，无北院）做了“加法”，南院做了局部扩展，缩减了些街道尺度，以求达到适人空间，墙面局部打开来做了通透设计以满足商业需求。

This stage took more than a year. After discussion of multiple options, the conclusion finally came. Formal design not only needs to consider the chaotic style of the original building, but also needs to be innovative so that it looks completely new; it needs not only meet the requirement of sustainable commercial space, but also meet the need of local residents for residential properties. “Finding the right balance” became the key. In the end, the solution lied in the transformation of the courtyard wall. Something was added to the flat and straight back street (located on the north side of the building; the original building system only had south courtyard but no north courtyard) was added, and the south courtyard was partially expanded. Some street scales were reduced in order to make space comfortable, and the wall was partially opened to create a see-through design to satisfy the commercial needs.

▼改造后的项目整体鸟瞰，overall aerial view of the project after renovation©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

临主街道的山墙面设计了地标构筑体（因地处村落东侧，后来被当地称为了“东廊亭”），既满足了商业区域的昭示性，又柔化了“兵营”布局。重新梳理了原有的村中间的一块绿地，增加了一处雨水花园（蓄水池）以养护周边的绿地，所有乔木均被保留了下来，拆了一处常年无人落座的混乱风格亭子，并加建了一处公厕，以弥补基本公共设施配套的不足……

The mountain wall facing the main street is designed with a landmark structure (because it is located on the eastern side of the village, it is later called the “East Corridor Pavilion” by locals), which facilitates the publicity of the commercial area and softens the so-called “barrack layout” style. We rearranged a green area in the middle of the original village, added a rain garden (reservoir) to conserve the surrounding green space, preserved all the trees, and demolished an untrodden pavilion of mixed style. Another public toilet was built to make a complement to the infrastructure.

▼“东廊亭”外观，external view of the “East Corridor Pavilion”©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

▼建筑与街道之间的蓄水池 water reservoir between the building and the streets©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

▼起伏屋面后的民居，residential houses behind the corrugating roof

©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

第二阶段在细节设计的过程中，对构建技术的落实上，我们又碰到了极大的障碍。当地的修建水平促使我们要摒弃一二线城市的高技派修建方式，只能采用低技策略设计细部。由于资金受限，只能考虑使用当地的工人修建，材料设计上不能使用深加工工艺的材质，设计可以复杂，但不能有太多的创新，那么空间格局及标志物的形体的设计就变成了重点。

In the second stage of the design process, we encountered big obstacles in the implementation of construction technology. The local builders’ limited construction knowledge forced us to abandon the high-tech construction methods used in first and second tier cities, and what we could do only was to adopt low-tech strategies with design details. Also, due to the limited fund, we only considered to use local workers for construction and could not afford the specialized materials. Since the design could be complex but not with too much innovation, we made the spatial pattern and the landmark physical design the key.

▼起伏的屋面和屋顶下的活动 corrugated roof and activities under it©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

▼瓦片制成的镂空立面，hollowed facade made of tiles©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

▼镂空立面后的廊道，在墙面上留下丰富的光影 corridor behind the hollowed facade, creating rich light and shadows on the back wall©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

▼透过瓦片立面看人的活动，view of the activities behind the hollowedfacade©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

▼建筑面向内部的墙面，wall facing the inner village©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

▼透过洞口看向村庄，view to the village through the openings©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

第三阶段——修建，这阶段我要特别感谢当地的民用建筑设计院的施院长，没有他丰富经验的督导，该设计的落地就会成为空谈。因为前期基础资料的不健全，导致很多细部和场地的契合度出现了比较大的偏差，很多地方要在现场守着工人实施。那个超大尺度的地标构筑体“东廊亭”，我本想以三维放样-工厂加工-现场安装的方式修建，但仍是受到投入资金的限制，最后修建方被迫选择了全人工现场实施。

The third stage is construction. For this stage, I would like to give my special thanks to Dean Shi of the local civil architecture design institute. Without his rich experience in supervision, the implementation of the design would not be possible. The lack of preparatory materials led to a big discrepancy between the plan and the actual site, so we had to be on the site to supervise the construction. As for the super-large-scale landmark structure “East Corridor Pavilion”, originally I planned to build it with the method of a three-dimensional lofting – factory processing – on-site installation. Yet, limited by the budget, I had to choose fully manual on-site implementation.

▼丰富的材料，rich materials©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

▼细部，details©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

复杂的型态在我几乎要觉得要难以修建的绝望中（为了迎接中国丰收节开幕，又是赶工），施院长带动施工队连续奋战了 N 个日夜，才顺利交工。

While the complexity brought me in despair that it was too difficult to finish (we accelerated to build hoping to catch the Chinese Harvest Festival Opening), Dean Shi came to the rescue, led the construction team and worked hard for many days and nights, thus the completion of the project.

▼施工过程，construction process©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司

最后阶段——交付，这类项目最怕的就是断档：设计个空壳，施工队挣一笔钱走人，经营方接盘后两手无措，不知从何干起，结果就忙活了个寂寞，最终就会导致没落、衰败。经营方从一开始筹备、招商、甚至自主投资了子项目，从头至尾的全周期倾情投入，最终通过各方的亲密合作呈现了一张满意的答卷。虽然在设计角度看并不能算是完美，但如此的各方合作的“亲密开发模式”为未来“乡村振兴”中提供了一个优良样板。在交付后此处成为了宝鸡市，甚至陕西省的一张名片，成为了目前“乡村振兴”的首批样板项目。

The final stage is delivery. The last thing we want to see in such projects is disconnection: make meaningless design and the construction team earns a sum of money and walk away, making the operation team feel at loss and have no idea where to start. Without gain or profit, the decline is inevitable. But in this project, the operation team was fully dedicated to the preparation and investment attraction since the very beginning to the end. In the end, thanks to all parties’ close cooperation, we had a satisfactory result. Although it is not perfect from a design perspective, such an “intimate development model” of cooperation between all parties provides a good model for other “village revitalization” projects in the future. After the delivery, this place has became a business card of Baoji and even of Shaanxi Province, and it has become the first batch of model projects for “rural revitalization”.

▼西府里火车站，Xifuli station©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

▼丰富的空间和活动，various spaces and activities©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

再来聊下我判断的“有可能的持续生存状态”，前文提到本项目是由于各种原因致使各方妥协出来的结果，项目的呈现过程是痛苦的，甚至于我个人而言都曾冒出“不干了”的想法。但机缘所致，竟凑巧的出现了多赢的局面。全国各地的所谓文旅项目要么是驱赶原住民，空出房屋来做所谓改造，要么干脆由政府提供一块“干净”的土地，由投资商任意绘制蓝图。但不管两种方式的哪种，都缺失了最应该落地的“烟火气”，没有烟火气，蓝图画的再漂亮都是不可持续的。十九大提出的乡村振兴关键点强调最多的就是关于一二三产业的建立或融合发展问题，本项目规模不大，原始聚落只有居住属性，谈不上产业融合问题，一产二产建立没有条件，唯一的策略只能是转变成为三产纯服务业，但建立可持续的服务最基本的显性的特征就是是否能够呈现出一种“有人在、有人来”的空间。“有人在”这个问题是建立烟火气的基底，“有人来”是建立烟火气的基本条件。在的人给来的人提供服务，结合合理的空间就会出现一种全新的社会场景。

▼充满绿意的空间，space with lush vegetations©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

Next I would like to talk about the “possible sustainable existentiality”. As mentioned before, this success of this project lies in the compromises from all parties because of various reasons. The process of presentation was so painful that even myself once had the idea of “I’m done with it”. However, with some good luck and good timing, we managed to create a win-win situation for all parties. In other so-called cultural tourism projects across China, either the native villagers are driven away to vacate their houses for so-called renovation, or the government simply provides a piece of “clean” land for the investors to draw blueprints at will. Sadly, either way loses the indispensable essence of life. Without it, even the most beautiful blueprint can not support sustainability. The rural revitalization was put forward on the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and its key point emphasized the most is the establishment or integrated development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries. The scale of this project is not big, and the houses are still for the use of living only; this project is not involved with the integration of industries. Establishing the first and second industries is not promising, so the only strategy is to make transformation to the third industry purely. To establish sustainable service fundamentally is to make a space where “people live here” and “more people come here”. The issue of “people live here” is the base to have the essence of life, while “more people come here” is the basic requirement to have the essence of life. The people who live here offering service to the one who come here in a reasonable space shows a new social scene.

▼富有烟火气的生活场景，space with the sense of living

©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

就本项目而言，就是建立这种烟火气的过程，完成了“烟火气”建立的基础。如果原来就在的人全部清空，完全靠新来的人投资建立“在的人”场景是无法持续的——不挣钱，这些新来的人就走了。新来的投资人会带来新的“服务方式”，无形中给原来就在的人建立了“营生”的榜样，紧接着可以预判到，慢慢的就会有脑子活跃的“原本就在的人”开始效仿新来的人，开始“做服务”，无形中建立了多种服务场景和模式，而且因为他们原本就在，生意成本低，短暂的亏损也能熬过去，生意持续的时间越长就会形成经济学的“积累效应”，只要不出现大的意外变故，可以推想这种无意中建立起来的乡村改造模板会逐渐影响到周边的几个村落，规模会越来越大，当建立起一定的规模后，“烟火气”就会越来越重，抵御风险的能力就会越来越强。

▼黄昏鸟瞰，aerial view of the project in the dusk©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观

This project is a process to create this kind of essence of life. If all the original villagers were driven away, the scene where the newcomers invest and bring the “people who live here” is not sustainable. The newcomers will leave if they can not earn any money. But the new investors can bring new “service way”, set example for and teach the “people who live here” on livelihood. It can be predicated shortly that the people “who live here” with business mind would learn from the newcomers and set up their service, building various service scenario and mode. In addition, they live here originally, so they have lower cost and can well survive the short-term loss, if any. The longer the business lasts, the more chance to form the “accumulation effect” in economy. As long as there is no major accident, it can be inferred that this rural reconstruction model established by chance will gradually influence its neighboring villages. With certain scale, the essence of life will be more, and the ability to resist risk will be stronger.

▼夜景，night view©成都塞纳园境设计咨询有限公司&河狸景观