法古斯工厂

Germany Fagus Factory

设计师：瓦尔特•格罗皮乌斯、阿道夫•麦尔

位置：德国

分类：办公建筑

内容：实景照片

图片：15张

摄影师：Flickr user martin

这是由瓦尔特•格罗皮乌斯与阿道夫•麦尔联合设计的法古斯工厂。法古斯工厂是最早建成的现代建筑作品之一，也是格罗皮乌斯的首个项目。委员会为格罗皮乌斯提供了一个将其革命思想付诸实践的机会，其惊人的直线体块及玻璃幕墙的设计在接下来的几十年来一直影响着现代主义的发展。格罗皮乌斯认为，外观设计应该揭示建筑物的构造逻辑。发现建造多种语境的工业建筑的审美解决方式，也成为了他的使命。

法古斯工厂是一座由多个建筑体组合的建筑群，包括生产区、仓库区和办公室等多个功能区。格罗皮乌斯认为外观设计美学很重要，能应用到各个结构。砖被反复使用到整个建筑群众。在该项目中，格罗皮乌斯在建筑方面最重要的贡献是办公楼的设计。与其他建筑不同，办公楼为平屋顶的三层建筑，其立面使用的玻璃比砖更多。取代了传统的承重外墙，格罗皮乌斯大胆而创新地在建筑内部使用了钢筋混凝土，从而释放建筑立面。该建筑最具创新的元素是完全通透的室外角落位，没有结构性元素。办公楼的室外设计反映了格罗皮乌斯改善室内环境的野心，同时揭露了以当代建筑技术展现建筑形象的设计手法。

译者： 艾比

The Fagus Factory is one of the earliest built works of modern architecture, and the first project of Walter Gropius. The commission provided Gropius with the opportunity to put his revolutionary ideas into practice, and the stunning rectilinear volume with its primarily glazed façade would guide the course of Modernism through the coming decades.

Before working on the Fagus Factory, Gropius was working under Peter Behrens, the architect who designed the AEG turbine building. Although both of the German architects were very interested in industrial architecture, their design philosophy differed. While Behrens introduced a sense of nobility to industrial architecture with the AEG building, Gropius was critical of the project and felt that it lacked authenticity with regards to the exterior design masking its construction elements. Instead, Gropius felt that exterior design should reveal the construction logic of a building. It would become his mandate to discover artistic solutions of constructing industrial buildings in a variety of contexts.

Gropius formally expressed his design ideals during a lecture at the Folkwang Museum in April 1911. In his lecture, ‘Monumental Art and Industrial Construction’, he explained that train stations, departments stores, and factories should no longer be built like those from previous decades and needed to evolve to suit changing societal and cultural dynamics. Gropius emphasized the social aspect to architectural design, suggesting that improving working conditions through increased daylight, fresh air, and hygiene would lead to a greater satisfaction of workers, and therefore, increase overall production. These are the theories that would guide his design of the Fagus Factory.

Shortly after his lecture, Gropius met with Carl Benscheidt, the owner of the Fagus Factory. Located in Alfeld, Germany, Benscheidt’s factory, which produced wooden ‘lasts’ for the manufacturing of boots, was in the process of an ambitious expansion project. Industrial architect Eduard Werner was already designing a series of buildings, renovations, and additions for the Fagus Factory. Gropius explained to Benscheidt that Werner’s design would not provide his factory with the progressive image that Benscheidt had wanted. After successfully convincing Benscheidt of the value of his approach and that the factory should be planned as an artistic project, he was commissioned in May 1911 to assist with the project. As the design was already well underway, Gropius and his collaborator Adolf Meyer adhered to Werner’s floor plans and focused on the exterior and interior design of the project.

The Fagus Factory is a complex with many buildings, which contain various functions such as manufacturing, storage, and offices, and Gropius felt it was important to design an exterior design aesthetic that could be applied to various structures. The use of brick — more specifically, a 40-centimeter high, dark brick base which projects 4-centimeters from the facade — can be seen repeatedly throughout the complex. The most architecturally-significant aspect of Gropius’ contribution to the project is the office building. Unlike the other buildings, this flat-roof, three-story building features a façade that is comprised of more glass than brick. Instead of conventional load-bearing exterior walls, Gropius had made the bold and innovative decision to place reinforced concrete columns inside the building to free the façade. A series of brick piers suspend iron frames between that supports glass inserts. Metal panels were placed within the iron frame to conceal the floor slabs behind. The most innovative feature of the building is the fully glazed exterior corners, which are free of structural elements. The exterior design of the office building effectively demonstrated Gropius’ ambition to improve interior conditions while exposing contemporary construction techniques as an architectural image.

The Fagus Factory was architecturally completed in 1911, though the interiors were not completed until 1925. It became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011 for its early influence on the development of modern architecture. Design elements of the factory, such as its simple geometric forms, generous use of glazing, and perceived weightlessness, became inseparable from the vocabulary of Modernism and remain common principles in contemporary construction.

Following his work on the Fagus Factory, Walter Gropius continued designing progressive industrial buildings, and in 1919 established the Bauhaus. The Bauhaus Building was designed by Gropius himself and remains his best known work of architecture. As a result of his prolific career devoted to the Modern Movement, Walter Gropius is considered to be one of the most important pioneers of Modernism.

德国法古斯工厂外部实景图

德国法古斯工厂外部局部实景图

德国法古斯工厂实景图

德国法古斯工厂平面图

德国法古斯工厂立面图