绿色凹宅 | 太阳能住宅的未来趋势

非常感谢

SCUT

Appreciation towards

SCUT

for providing the following description:

绿色凹宅，一种适宜中国发展的太阳能住宅原型， 2013中国国际太阳能十项全能竞赛亚军E-CONCAVE, a solar energy house prototype for developing China from Team SCUT, won the second place of Solar Decathlon China 2013

面对中国飞速发展带来的城市环境恶化和巨大的能源消耗问题，华南理工大学团队在中国国际太阳能十项全能竞赛上，向社会提出了一个太阳能住宅原型：“绿色凹宅”——一个生态的、可持续的居住空间，旨在向个人和社区提倡一种极大地减少房屋对能源的消耗，并且一种更加健康，更加自然的生活方式。

Faced with the rapid growing challenge of urban environmental degradation and energy-consuming in china, Team SCUT (South China University of Technology) proposed a solar energy house prototype E-CONCAVE for public, which aims to create an ecological, sustainable living space, offering individuals and communities a lifestyle that is healthier and closer to nature while drastically minimizing the energy consumption of the house, in the competition of Solar Decathlon China 2013.

▼半边自然，半边住宅 Half Nature and Half House

在三十多年的改革开放浪潮中，中国东部沿海城市逐渐变得越来越拥挤。为了避免产生更多的混乱，未来的住宅必须重视剩余广袤的郊区和村落空间，这被成千上万的国民所忽视的领域。他们生于斯，长于斯，却背井离乡，在所谓繁华的大都市底层苦苦挣扎。因此我们向未来的中国和其他发展中国家，宣言这种“绿色凹宅”的生活方式。即将到来的中国老龄化的退休夫妇，和正在兴盛的以家庭办公为职业的国民都是其源源不断的住户群体。

In recent 30 years, the eastern China cities are growing more and more crowed by the reform and opening policy. Instead of leading more chaos, future house prototype must focus on the rest of enormous suburbs or villages, which are ignored by millions of people who are from these places and are struggling in the bottom of so named prosperous metropolises. We promote this E-CONVACE country life style for future Chinese or other developing countries, such as the coming retired couples or SOHO citizens.

在24米见方的场地中，我们首先吧场地一分为二：一半是面向有机农场的开放空间，一半是住宅主体的居住空间，两者被中间的H型灰空间所包围。通过这样处理，我们在人类、建筑和自然间，塑造了一个友好的界面，这正是绿色凹宅的设计哲学。将中国传统四合院的居住类型，融入现代化的生活方式，形成了居住空间的核心理念：三条带。

Primarily, we arrange half area to the open space – an organic farmland, and half to the living area — house itself, while the H shaped deck is around them in the site size of 24m by 24m. So it shapes a friendly interface between human, building and nature as the core design philosophy of E-CONCAVE. By merging spirit of the Siheyuan, Chinese traditional house prototype into the modern life style, the concept of living area is formed: three bands of house.

▼平面，Plan

第一条带是从东、西、北三面围绕的住宅的类墙体空间——服务之带。它包含两部分，其一，是整合了装饰、隔热和设备管道的真实墙体，厚度达到424毫米；其二是高度整合了家具、橱柜和家用电器的家具之带，厚度从400到600毫米间变化。如此厚的服务带，有着优异的保温隔热能力，可有助于降低能耗，而且还可以给住户提供一个整洁的室内使用空间。

The first band is Service Band as the wall surrounding the house in 3 directions: north, east and west. We integrate decoration, insulation and equipment into this band with thickness of 424mm. Moreover, all the closets, furniture and facilities are highly merged into the interior band ranging from 600mm to 400mm. Thus, this thick integrated wall can provide excellent thermal performance, which is help to decrease the consumption of energy, as well as a clean living space for the owners.

▼高度整合的服务之带，The Highly Integrated Service Band

在服务之带内部，是第二条生活之带。进入室内，通长的餐厅、开放式厨房、舒适的起居空间和私密的卧室，顺次展现在眼前。所有的功能并是不是像以往一样孤立分隔，而是以一种更加个人化、更加自由，并且高科技的方式合理并置。

Inside the service band, it’s the second band called living band. After enter the house, the long dining room, big kitchen, comfortable living room and private bedroom can be shown in sequence. However, all functions are not isolated as usual, but in a more personalized, more freedom and more senses of high technology way.

▼灵活可变家具 Variability of Furniture

室内可以举办沙龙，折叠餐桌可提供八人的晚宴。主人躺在沙发上，可享有住宅最开阔的景观面，另外还可于此享受120寸画幅的家庭影院系统。在客人借宿时，沙发甚至能转化为一张床。此时浴室边的折叠门，亦可以分隔私密空间和公共空间。当把所有的家具都收藏到服务之带，卧室的主人床也折叠入橱柜后，住户在仅仅45平方米的凹形空间中，获得200%的使用效率。通过营造一个连续开放的室内环境，生活之带可随意在不同功能间自由转化，并且最大化空间效果。

Party can be held inside, and the folding table hidden in the closet can provide 8 persons’ dining. House holders could lie on the sofa with wonderful landscape view, and also enjoy the 120 inches projector screen home cinema. The sofa creates another bed for guests in need, while the folding door beside the bathroom can separate the private space and public space. What’s more, the bed can be folded into the bedroom closet, too. After hide all the furniture into the service band, the house holders easily get a 200% usage area in only 45 square meters of concave linear space. By creating a continuous open indoor space, living band maximizes the effect of space and achieves the free transition from different functions.

▼配备多功能沙发的起居室，Living Room with Multi-functional Sofa

▼卧室和学习空间，Bedroom and Study Area

第三条带，也是住宅的核心——中庭。这里是被玻璃包裹着的一方浅水，鱼群自由游弋，小龟不时在突出的石头上享受日光浴，水生植物在充足的光照下茁壮生长。中庭不仅仅是联系室内外，给住户提供舒适环境的景观焦点，而且在不同季节中，是一种有效节能的被动式设施。

The core of house as well as the third band is an atrium, a shallow water pool wrapped by glass, where fishes swim freely, small turtles enjoy sunbath on exposed stones and water plant grows beautifully in sufficient daylight. It’s not only the landscape focus connecting the indoor space with outdoor landscape, providing an ease environment for house holder, but also an effective passive energy saving technology from season to season.

▼中庭和茶室营造出禅意的氛围，The Atrium and Tea Place Form an Atmosphere of Chán

夏季，中庭全开，池中充满清水，形成穿堂风效果——吹过室外农场、庭院，然后从三面推拉门进入室内，最后从屋后的窗户离开。吹过水池的风，带着湿润的水汽降低室内的温度，并且在北方干燥的环境中提高舒适性。在没有使用任何环境调节电器下，人们也能获得舒适的室内感受。

In summer, the atrium will be full of water with all windows opened. Therefore , when wind blows through the farmland, atrium and into the house by three sides sliding doors, then goes out through windows behind, the water pool helps for cooling down the temperature of air and wetting the dry air in north China. Thus, without electrical environmental improvement device, people will have a comfortable indoor feeling.

实际上，中庭是一个自我调解的阳光房：面向户外4米高的玻璃折叠门，三面分割中庭和室内的推拉门，占满庭院屋顶的采光窗，其中两扇在智能控制系统下可以自动开启，引导风向。贴有反射膜的中空LOW-E玻璃提高了其优异性能。

Actually, the atrium comes into a smart sunroom with reflecting heat membrane IGU Low-E glass and intelligent control system: nearly 4 meters high folding doors facing south to outdoor nature, while 3 pairs of sliding doors separating the courtyard and inside space, and the skylights occupying the whole atrium roof space (10 m2) while two of them can be opened automatically for guiding fresh air into house.

▼从室外走廊看中庭，Atrium View from Outside Corridor

当在冬季时，庭院的水会被排放到灰水收集箱，合上门窗，形成阳光房。此时，水落石出，层层鹅卵石营造出禅意十足的氛围。阳光射入庭院，热量被暖房储存，再进而辐射入室内。同时，拥有较高比热容的鹅卵石具有相变性：在白天蓄积了庭院的热量，到夜晚，再将热量慢慢释放出来。所以，通过这种自然的被动方式有效降低了房屋的能耗。

So when it’s winter, the water will be drained off to the grey water tank. The several layers of cobblestones are exposed to the atrium, having an oriental aesthetic philosophy named Chán. Closing the high folding glazing door in front, the skylights on head and the sliding doors makes atrium a sun-room. Firstly, the glass keeps the heat of radiation from the sun, then heat re-transmits to inside space. At the same time, these cobbles, whose heat capacity is relatively high, absorb and store the heat at days. At night, heat can be released out slowly from them, which warms up the house. In such way, it saves the energy in a nature method.

▼傍晚时分的水庭与合上的折叠门，The Water Atrium with the Closed Folding Door at Dusk

▼中庭被动式节能原理，The Atrium Passive Energy Saving Regulation Diagram

在室外，甲板空间作为室外主要的活动场所，成为了联系室内外的灰空间。屋架由头顶横空伸出，像羽翼一样庇护着住宅，再通过独特设计的柱子落到地面。线性的格栅，悬挂在屋顶下，一方面掩盖了杂乱的太阳能系统管线，另一方面在炎炎夏日，形成更多的阴影区。在富有韵律感的光影效果下，住宅的方向性也被强化了。位于出入口的立面格栅，仿佛是房子佩戴的丝巾，给室内提供了更高的私密性。

Outside the house, the deck forms a grey space as the main outdoor venue connecting the indoor and the farmland. The roof frame elegantly stretches out overhead, like two wings shielding the house, and gets down with specially designed pillars. The linear gratings hanged on the roof as a decoration to cover the disorder solar cables under photovoltaic panels, and cast more shadow at burning sunshine, while it emphasizes the direction of house shape at the rhythm of light and shade. Furthermore, two grating elevations standing in front of the glazing entrance and exit makes indoor space with more privacy as building’s silk.

▼室外甲板空间强化了绿色凹宅的轴线，The Deck Corridor Emphasizes the Axis of E-CONCAVE

▼夜景，The Night View

▼入口格栅，Entrance Grating

最后，作为一种未来的景观——农场，是这个住宅原型的自给自足食品供给体系。家庭食用的蔬菜瓜果，例如西红柿、大白菜、茄子、辣椒、玉米等都被栽培到模块化的有机土壤单元中。在如今食品安全问题不堪的现状下，不施加农药的绿色蔬菜给住户提供了健康的保证。种植瓜果、打理菜园也成为当代人们一种减压、恢复生机的休闲活动。自动浇灌系统用再利用水完成了大部分的日常工作。

The farmland as a future landscape gives this typology a self-serving food system. Usual vegetables as tomato, cabbage, chili, eggplant, corn, sorghum and sunflower are planted in the modular organic land. Without pesticide and unknown disease, these green plants provide residents healthy food to against food quality issue. Having fun in farm work is also an eco-friendly and refreshing activity for the tired citizens nowadays, while the auto-irrigation system can finish the daily work with recycling water.

▼模块化的有机农场，Modular Organic Farmland

技术

Technology

绿色凹宅作为未来住宅的原型，融入了许多现代化技术，去满足新时代住宅的需求。

E-CONCAVE as a future house prototype integrates diverse modern technologies to fulfill the demand of neo-era house needs.

第一，正如太阳能十项全能竞赛要求一般，住宅所有的电力能源全部都来自于太阳能。太阳能系统建筑一体化(BISS)在建筑美学指导下进行设计。为了最大化获取太阳资源，采取了光伏板满铺了屋顶的策略。52块260wp单晶硅光伏，组成13.52kW的装机量。为了适应中国广阔的纬度区域，光伏板以接近平面的3°的角度铺设。在晴天，每天可以产生80度电，完全满足了郊区家庭的日常生活需要。我们通过计算机模拟评估和现场比赛实测，整个太阳能系统可以产生比耗电量还多1.5倍的清洁能源，绿色凹宅是一个不折不扣的负能耗建筑。

First of all, the energy source is totally from the solar energy as the Solar Decathlon Competition required. Building Integrated Solar System (BISS) is set under the architectural aesthetics guideline. To maximize the application of solar energy, PV panels are arrayed full of the roof structure. There are 52 pieces of 260wp mono-crystalline silicon panels on the roof, and the total installed capacity reach 13.52kW. And for the suitability of most areas of China, the solar panels are laid with an angle 3°, producing over 80kWh each sunny day, which is fully meet the daily demands of the family without net input in suburb. By computer software evaluation and actual competition contests, the whole system produces more 1.5 times energy than its consumption, which means a real energy-plus building.

三块光伏光热一体化组件位于屋顶的末端，他们在高效产生热水的同时，也产生电能。它们满足了在家庭热水方面的需求。除此之外，屋顶还设置了一套光伏清洁系统：清洗落在光伏板上的灰尘，不仅保证了发电的效率，而且通过降低光伏组件的工作温度，可提高其光电转化效率。

Three pieces of PVT (photovoltaic thermal) hybrid solar collectors lay on the center of the end roof, generating electricity and heating water at the same time with high performance. Moreover, the sprinkler cleaning system is set above the solar panels, which can clean the dust on panels and improve the efficiency by cooling down the working PV panels.

▼在位于屋顶的太阳能系统，The PV System on Roof during the Public Exhibition

除了电能外，绿色凹宅同样致力于节约水源。雨水和生活产生的清洁用水、淋浴用水被收集起来，通过过滤模块、人工湿地模块和消毒模块的净化和处理，产生清洁的二次生活用水，既满足景观水池和植物的灌溉需求，又调节了建筑的微气候，使得水资源得到充分的利用和再生。

Besides the electricity source, E-CONCAVE helps to save water. Rainwater, laundry water, shower water are all collected. Through the filter modules, disinfection of artificial wetland purification and processing module, system produces clean secondary domestic water, both to meet the demand for landscape irrigation pond and plants, and regulating the microclimate of the building, so that water resources can be fully utilized and recycling.

这种再利用和生态友好的概念也贯彻在建筑选材上。建筑的保温层构造采用了甘蔗纤维加工的聚氨酯泡沫。甘蔗渣是制糖工业的副产物， 大部分在糖厂被直接燃烧，造成资源的严重浪费。我们重新利用甘蔗渣，将其液化，并通过一系列反应制成保温性能良好的聚氨酯保温材料，成为200mm厚墙体保温层，实现废弃材料的重新利用。在真空绝热板配合下，墙体实现了极其优异的隔热能力，导热率U值达到0.071 W/(m2K)。此外，在防水透气膜、隔汽层和定向刨花板组合下，建筑的细部构造达到了更好的性能。

The usage of building material is also under the recycling and eco-friendly spirit. The thermal insulation of the building wall is composed by the polyurethane foam, which contains sugarcane fiber. The bagasse is a byproduct of the sugar industry, most of which are directly burned, wasting enormous resources. Through a series of reactions, the bagasse is re-used to improve insulation properties of polyurethane foamed 200mm thickness of the house enclosure, which decreases waste of valuable materials. With the help of vacuum insulation panel (VIP), the U-value of wall can get to 0.071 W/(m2K) demonstrating the excellent insulation performance. And its detail gets better humidity proof with the layer of waterproof membrane Tyvek and moisture barrier. Of course, oriented strand board (OSB) as the foundational board is another eco-friendly material we used.

▼墙体构造模型，Construction Model of Wall

建筑的室外面板、室内面层及家具都采用竹木材料制作。竹木是最环保的木材之一，其拥有极低的碳排放量，并且生长周期短，生长速度快。适当的采伐竹子不仅不需要重新种植，反而在一定程度上促进其生长，是低碳环保家居的首选。竹木的运用使得绿色凹宅超越出一般木房子的领域。

The exteriors, interiors and most of furniture are made of bamboo. Bamboo is one of the best environmental-friendly woods. The quantity of carbon emitted by bamboo wood is low, and its growing period is rather short than other trees. Cutting bamboo, with careful control, even accelerates the growth of bamboo instead of suppressing it. This material makes E-CONCAVE more than an ordinary wood house.

▼装饰室内的竹木材料，nterior Decorated by Bamboo Wood

此外，空调系统采取多功能VRV系统，在提供室内高品质的温湿度环境的同时，将空气源热泵技术、空调冷凝热热回收技术运用于房屋的采暖系统，通过压缩机把空气中大量的低温热能变为高温热能传输至地暖管和热水箱，与太阳能光热系统完美联动，为房间提供日常生活所需要的温湿度。

In VRV air conditioning system, the air source heat pump technology and heat recovery technology are used in the heating system of the house, providing the high quality of the indoor temperature and humidity. Working perfectly with the solar thermal systems, the compressor transfers a great amount of low-temperature heat into high temperature heat.

▼设备房处渲染图，Mechanical Room Rendering

智能控制系统全方面地贯穿住户的各种生活需求。控制面板的高度整合使得房主可以随时随地轻松对房子进行控制和对话。基于Kinect的动作操控系统令生活充满乐趣。能量监控、家电控制、门窗调节、互动体验完美地被整合在一起，“科技与建造”体现地淋漓尽致。

The intelligent control system meets all aspects of needs of the homeowner in various living modes. The highly integrated control panel allows house owners easily control the house anywhere and anytime. Even more, the body motion control system based on the Kinect makes life more interactive and full of fun. Energy monitoring, control appliances, doors and windows, interactive experience are all perfectly integrated, highly reflecting the future lifestyle.

模块化设计和施工

Modular Design and Construction

为了施工高效化，组装简捷化和运输便捷性，模数化的概念贯穿设计始终：室外部分，有机农场、甲板平台采用模数网格；室内部分，建筑的框架结构、建筑主体部分、室内家具均遵循统一模数逻辑。甚至连整个房子，都是由3个40’集装箱货柜尺寸的单元模块构成，这使得货运的更高效、更快捷。在搭建速度上，15个工人在一周内即可完成住宅的施工，其中三个主体模块可在第一天的几个小时内就拼装到位。因此，模块化设计的绿色凹宅使其具有更高的自由性和更广阔的场地适应性。

For the sake of fast speed of fabrication, easiness of reassembly and convenience of transportation, the concept of the “unitization” was embodied throughout the design process: for the outdoor part, the organic farm and deck all of modulus grid; for the indoor part, the framework structure, the main part construction and the indoor furniture all of modulus. Indeed, the house is combined with 3 prefect integrated unit boxes in the size of 40’ container, which exactly matches the fast and efficient truck transportation. What’s more, 15 workers can finish the on-site construction in one week, while the main part of three units could be hang together in several hours of the first day. It gives E-CONCAVE higher adaptiveness and freer location.

▼绿色凹宅的主体单元划分，Modular Units of E-CONCAVE

▼从货车上吊起中庭单元，Lift the Atrium Unit from Truck

“模数化”也利于形式多样化的发展可能。通过同一单元的组合，拼接，实现不同的空间形式，创造丰富的生活模式。多样性体现在由单个到多个组合，由简单到复杂的变化。

“Unitization” also benefits for the development of form. Through different combinations of the same units, different forms of the space

are created, providing rich lifestyle. Possible combinations from single to multiple, from simple to complex serve to diversity.

荣誉

Honor

30多个大学生作为绿色凹宅的设计者参与了，在广州的第一次施工和决赛城市大同的最终搭建。这作为第一次实验性的施工经历，开启了他们未来的职场生涯。

在中国国际太阳能十项全能竞赛决赛上，华南理工大学从来自六大洲，13个国家， 35个大学组成的22支队伍中，以951.8总分，获得第二名的成绩。在十项评比中，获得五个单项第一：能量平衡、市场推广、家庭电器、家庭娱乐和热水测试，在工程设计获得第二，在建筑设计和公众宣传上获得第三名，这是中国赛队在太阳能十项全能竞赛史上的最好成绩。

Nearly 30 college students, the designers of E-CONCAVE, participated the construction period during first assembly in Guangzhou and final assembly in Datong, which is the first experimental construction for their future career life.

And in the final Solar Decathlon China (SDC) Competition, Team SCUT won the 2nd prize at 951.8 points in overall among 22 teams from over 35 universities in 13 countries on 6 continents, while taking five 1st place in Energy Balance, Market Appeal, Appliances,

Entertainment and Hot Water, No.2 in Engineering and the 3rd one in Architecture and Communication, which is the best record for Chinese team in SD history.

▼绿色凹宅，Finished E-CONCAVE

▼平面 Plan

▼立面 Elevation

▼剖面 Section

▼细部 Detail

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设计团队：张汉仰、钱世奇、曹祖略、林正豪、张晓骏、黄杰、肯尼、李波、刘竞翔、张栋、詹峤圣、杨晓波、杨可人、苏鹏程、王骥、罗绮琪、朱彬、刘诗瑶、俞伊阳、黄燕霞、黄浩、党天骐、周德勇、刘泽蔚、秦宇琦、林远东、沈雪龙、赵颖、黄嘉溥、石亚玲、刘树强、周飞、熊旭华、官飞煜、费良旭、洪思慧

指导老师：肖毅强、钟冠球

摄影：杨可人、罗绮琪、张汉仰

位置：中国山西省大同市御东新区

建筑面积：86,4平方米（场地24m X 24m）

费用：250万人民币

时间：2012年3月—2013年8月

甲方：中国国际太阳能十项全能竞赛组委会

Design Team: Hanyang Zhang, Shiqi Qian, Zulue Cao, Zhenghao Lin, Xiaojun Zhang, Jie Huang, Kenny Constance, Bo Li, Jingxiang Liu, Dong Zhang, Qiaosheng Zhan, Xiaobo Yang, Keren Yang, Xiaobo Yang, Pengchen Su, Ji Wang, Qiqi Luo, Bin Zhu, Shiyao Liu, Yiyang Yu, Yanxia Huang, Hao Huang, Tianqi Dang, Deyong Zhou, Zewei Liu, Yuqi Qin, Yuandong Lin, Xuelong Shen, Yin Zhao, Jiapu Huang, Yalin Shi, Shuqiang Liu, Fei Zhou, Xuhua Xiong, Feiyu Guan, Liangxu Fei, Sihui HongTutor: Yiqiang Xiao, Guanqiu Zhong

Photograhper: Keren Yang, Qiqi Luo, Hanyang Zhang

Location: Yudong district, Datong, Shanxi Province, China

Area: 86.4 square meters (site size:24m X 24m)

Cost: 2.5 million RMB

Year: 2012.March – 2013.August

Client: Solar Decathlon China 2013 Committee

Video:

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