南京河西生态公园 | 水文化传承与防洪排涝的巧妙结合

2011年，为了迎接青奥会，保护历史老城区并为南京未来发展预留城市空间，南京政府决定大力发展河西新城成为未来南京市城市中心。因此，作为河西新城建设先驱项目的南京河西生态公园，不仅被定位为一个城市公园，让各个阶层的人，都能在高密度的城市中找到一处亲近自然的滨水空间，更通过特有的景观设计，被打造成河西新城的一座独特城市地标，与这座城市共同成长。

“六朝金粉地，十里秦淮河。”南京的水文化历史源远流长，一直以来都是文人墨客聚会的胜地。但如今南京多降雨，且水量不均，尤其在雨季，当地暴雨多，容易内涝，因此出于防洪上的考虑，在秦淮河与长江交汇处，沿岸被建立起防洪大坝。这一举措虽然保护了城市的安全，但也切断了人们与水的联系，使市民失去了亲水的机会。

因此，在水文化传承和防洪排涝的需求的基础上，AECOM设计团队提出一个大胆的构想，用一条水系连通位于基地端头的鱼嘴公园和位于基地中心的滨湖公园。这条水系将穿过高密度的城市商业空间并于滨湖公园引入一个大面积的水面。它可联通城市固有水网，并在暴雨时收集雨水防止内涝，更重要的它将创造一个新的城市滨水空间，成为南京水文化的标志地。

▼项目鸟瞰，aerial view of the project ©AECOM

In 2001, in preparation for the Youth Olympic Games that were held in Nanjing, the government decided to develop Hexi New City as the future city center. Hexi New City enables greater protection of the historical city whilst providing space for the future development of Nanjing. As the biggest event in the history of Nanjing city construction, the Youth Olympic Games venues and supporting facilities became the driver for new administrative centers, commercial buildings, residential communities and new city center.

Nanjing Hexi Urban Eco Park is a Lake Park on the new city axis. This linear green space passes through the center of the high-density commercial office area. Hexi Urban Eco Park project is a Lake park a first phase of the green axis and covers 21.7 hectares at the center of the district. Adjacent to the new Government Center, Nanjing Hexi Urban Eco Park is a gateway to the green axis and Waterfront Commercial Street which leads west to the Yangtze River.

▼绿色生态滨水空间，waterfront green area ©AECOM

The site is located in the Yangtze River floodplain area, surrounded by water, the average elevation is 7m. Nanjing receives ample rain through the year, but with uneven rainfall in different seasons and multiple storm events. The design team needed to consider how to protect the future urban center from flooding.

The park also sits to the north of the Qinhuai River, well known throughout Chinese history – a place where merchants run business along the riverfront, a place where literati and poets gather. Many well-known historical poems were composed when poets cruised along the river. However, a flood embankment built along Jiajiang and Qinhuai River cut off the connection between people and the water. Therefore, the key problem was how to restore the cultural connection to water.

The confluence of the Yangtze, Jiajiang and Qinhuai Rivers had already established a ‘Fish Mouth Wetland Park’. From this park a planned green axis and Waterfront Commercial Street would lead to Hexi Urban Eco Park linking the River confluence to the government and new civic center.

The design team proposed a water canal that runs through the high-density urban center and connects the Fish Mouth Wetland Park with the Lake Park. A bold concept in the local context, the proposed water canal not only connects the existing water system but also creates a large area for collecting the surface runoff into the Lake Park. It also re-imagines of the water culture of Nanjing city, whilst creating new urban waterfront for residents.

▼学习中心和步道鸟瞰，aerial view of the learning center and walkway ©AECOM

公园不同以往的开放式格局，将清透见底的碧水湖面置于核心，嵌入景观桥、亲水平台等多元空间及活动设施，一路上，森林、湿地、湖泊等多种自然景观让人目不暇接。其中，以“鱼的巡游”为设计灵感的景观桥，呼应了河西扬子江畔的地理位置，如鱼跃之态，飞跃于湖面之上，穿越林间、湖面、湿地。

除了本身独特的设计外，景观桥还可创造出多样的新奇体验。当漫步桥上，游客可以一路探寻这座公园中的建筑和生态之美，通过立面上预留的窗口欣赏公园的美景，从高而直的水杉、嬉戏的野鸭、到木结构的生态建筑，每一副窗口都是一副美景。

▼景观桥，landscape bridge ©AECOM

▼桥边草坪上的活动，activities on the lawn beside the bridge ©AECOM

▼景观桥夜景，night view of the landscape bridge ©AECOM

The migration of fish and the river are the source for inspiring shapes, forms, and phenomena of the bridge. Simulating a dancing fish flying over the site, the bridge becomes a dramatic spatial experience for visitors. When walking on the bridge, visitors can look out through openings in the walls to enjoy framed views of the park – tall vertical Metasequoias, playing ducks in the lake, wood structure of ecological architecture – each view a beautiful picture. The traditional Chinese garden-style framing technique is adapted to this modern landscape bridge, providing people with different perspectives to observe the park and the city.

Benches and bridges along the extensive network of public paths provide places to stop and observe the landscape through the seasons. Partially shaded lawns create open and magnetic public spaces that students, visitors, local residents and staff can use in warmer months for sitting, picnicking, and playing.

The learning center in the park provides a quality enrichment programming and environmental educations classes to visitors. The Wetland district close to it is an outdoor classroom for the visitors, which shows them how the purification system of wetland works.

▼公共步道，public path ©AECOM

位于滨湖公园西侧的庆典广场，其中的浅水池与中心的湖面连成一片，倒影出公园的树木、曲线优美的景观桥、周边的高楼和来往的人群，仿佛是城市中的一面镜子。庆典广场还在沿湖边上设置了阶梯看台，为人们提供了亲近滨湖的休憩空间。在炎热的夏季，园中旱喷会打开，水雾配合浅水，这里更成为儿童们最爱嬉戏活动的场所。

庆典广场的入口也设置了开放式草坪大台阶，成为了人们奔跑、踢球和放风筝的活动地。嵌于厚钢板收边的木座椅为人们提供了休憩的场所，第一级台阶前的沙地则是小朋友们活动玩耍的地方。春暖花开之时，不少家庭带着帐篷而来，孩子们和父母共同野餐、玩耍，一家人在这里享受难得的闲暇时光。此外，庆典广场对外可与道路对面的政府前广场联通，成为大型集会的聚集场所，在重要节日以及大型活动举办期间，为公共活动提供便利。

▼与湖面连成一片的庆典广场，ceremony plaza connecting with the lake ©AECOM

The celebration plaza connecting to the central plaza in front of the government building becomes the most important venue for citizen gathering in big events and festivals. The shallow pool in the plaza is an extension of the central lake, mapping the high-rise buildings around the site, the beautiful landscape bridge, and the arriving people become a mirror of the city. In the hot summer, when the mist feature is switched on, the dry fountain becomes a significant attraction. During a big city event, the dry fountain is switched off to enable a large-scale gathering place.

▼庆典广场上的活动，activities on the ceremony plaza ©AECOM

南京河西生态公园，地如其名，更是一座以生态为主题的公园。考虑到南京的气候和土壤条件以及空间形态的需要，园内实施近自然群落组合，控制合理的常绿与落叶空间郁闭配比，综合营造出生态性、景观性、低维护性的南京特色城市生态景观林地。

同时，园内构建了层次丰富的水生及滨岸植物体系，发挥栖息场所营造、食物来源供给和水质净化的功能。通过鱼类及底栖动物的适量放养，营造水生态系统的消费者层次，构建水生态平衡。通过在底泥上布置不规则石块，为鱼、虾、蟹等水生生物提供栖息环境。此外，公园本身还是一个生动的户外课堂，园内的教育中心，为来访者提供了丰富的环境课程。教育中心的湿地展示区内，通过观察水流如何通过不同配置的湿地植物水池，得到水质净化，来展现湿地的净化效果是如何实现的。

南京河西生态公园紧扣城市现有的以及规划中的城市路网，未来通过场地内的地铁，电车，水上码头，以及地下停车入库等便利条件，这座新的城市地标将与城市行政、商业办公以及金融中心紧密相连，也将让更多市民体会到观赏湖景、垂钓的乐趣，享受在水边草地扎起帐篷享受安逸的时光。

▼湿地植物水池，wetland plant pool ©AECOM

Taking into consideration Nanjing’s climate and soil conditions, deciduous broad-leaved forests and evergreen broad-leaved forests within the park are formed using highly ornamental plants selected from local breeding stock. By integrating a reasonable selection and the use of typical indigenous species, the plant palette is one of low maintenance and cost and yet of high ecological value. For the lakes, a selection of diverse aquatic plants is used to develop a rich coastal vegetation system and artificial wetland to purify water and rebuild ecological habitats. Through the appropriate stocking of fish and amphibians, it will achieve the water ecological balance, enhance water conservation, biodiversity, ecological buffering, and strengthen the land birds habitats.

▼学习中心前的湿地，wetland in front of the learning center ©AECOM

▼丰富的景观植物，rich plants ©AECOM

▼总平面图，master plan ©AECOM