费拉拉钻石宫修复 | 文艺复兴建筑的瑰宝重现

钻石宫（Palazzo dei Diamanti）是文艺复兴时期的杰作，亦是意大利费拉拉的标志性建筑。在经过Labics建筑事务所的精心修复和翻新之后，这座建筑瑰宝已于2023年年初重新向公众开放。

The Palazzo dei Diamanti, a Renaissance masterpiece and iconic building in Ferrara, Italy, reopens to the public after the careful restoration and refurbishment carried out by the architectural firm Labics (Maria Claudia Clemente and Francesco Isidori).

▼钻石宫外观，Palazzo dei Diamanti – exterior view

修缮和初步工作

Restoration and preliminary works

在分析和研究古代文献后，项目团队对建筑的原始部分和后来增建的部分进行了区分，并确定了一个首要的任务：检验既有建筑维护结构的保存状况。

该项目涉及拆除过去为保护原始墙壁而安装的石膏板内衬。然而，在拆除之后，可以发现既有建筑的保存状况十分堪忧：部分墙体由于旧空调系统的安装已出现许多较宽的缝隙；其余墙体也已发生大面积的损坏，其中一部分原因是建筑本身年代已久，另一部分则是由于存在未被及时修复的孔洞。因此，在推进下一步工作之前，有必要先对遭到损坏的部分进行加固或重建。建筑物的现状要求进行大量“缝”与“拆”的干预，此外还需灌注砂浆以恢复墙体的连续性，确保更加全面的修复。

After analyzing and studying the ancient documents to distinguish the original parts from the later additions, the first task was to verify the state of conservation of the existing building envelope.

The project involved removing the old plasterboard linings, which were installed in the past to protect the original walls. Once removed, it was clear that the state of conservation was rather fragile: some walls had numerous and wide gaps resulting from the presence of old air conditioning systems; others had widespread damage resulting partly from the age of the building and partly from the presence of old unrepaired perforations. It was therefore necessary to initially proceed with a work of reconstruction of the flaws and consolidation of the damage before proceeding with the remaining work. The conservation status of the building required numerous “stitching and unstitching” interventions, injections of mortar, and repairs in order to restore the wall continuity and ensure a more general restoration.

▼沿街立面，Street facade

在对墙体进行修复和加固工程的同时，项目团队还拆除了一个在现代时期增建的楼层——这里曾经是复兴运动博物馆的所在地。在拆除该楼层后，建筑找回了原来的双层高空间。这一举措要求对既有的木梁进行大量的加固工作。此外，在由考古界、美术界和景观行业从业者监督的修复过程中，项目团队还在场地中发现了一个15世纪的“桑拿”空间，在经过精心修复之后，该空间也得以重新面向世人。

Along with these restoration and consolidation works on the walls, a modern floor was removed – in the portion of the building that used to house the Risorgimento Museum – corresponding to the new bookshop, with the aim of restoring the original double-height space of the room. To this end, significant consolidation work was performed on the original wooden beam. Finally, during the works, constantly supervised by the Archaeology, Fine Arts and Landscape Superintendence, a 15th-century “Este sauna” was found, restored and brought to light.

▼俯瞰新增结构和主庭院，Aerial view to the new-added structure and the main court

展览空间的设计

The design of the exhibition spaces

修复工作完成之后，接下来是在原先被用作展厅的区域（Rossetti和Tisi两座翼楼）建立新的展览路径。

Once the restoration work was completed, the exhibition path was created, mainly in the areas previously designated for exhibition, namely the Rossetti Wing and the Tisi Wing.

▼平面示意：展览空间，The exhibition spaces

每个房间都配备了新且耐用的高科技墙面，可以将各类设备隐藏在后方。新墙面可以在覆盖旧墙的同时不改变其纹理，并通过最先进的系统来确保当代美术馆所需要的热度和湿度性能。Rossetti翼楼铺设了新的威尼斯水磨石地面。两个翼楼都置入了新的抛光黄铜门，以凸显这座文艺复兴时期宫殿的空间序列。

All the rooms have been equipped with new highly technological and resistant surfaces, behind which equipment has been concealed. The new surfaces, which cover the ancient walls without altering their texture, hide the most advanced systems designed to ensure the thermo-hygrometric performance required for a contemporary art museum. In the Rossetti Wing, new Venetian terrazzo floors were installed. New burnished brass portals were inserted in both wings to accentuate the spatial sequence of the Renaissance palace.

▼展厅走廊，Exhibition hall corridor

▼空间序列，The spatial sequence

▼展览空间，Exhibition space

第二项干预措施主要针对前复兴运动博物馆的空间。这些空间得到了全面的修复，并通过引入咖啡店、书店、教学空间以及多功能空间等新功能来支持展览活动。此外，几个内部庭院也得到翻新，并铺设了新的陶土地面：作为真正意义上的户外空间，它们已成为博物馆游览路径中的一个重要部分，在强调宫殿特征的同时，也为建筑带来虚实交替和内外转换的丰富体验。

The second intervention involved the spaces of the former Risorgimento Museum, completely restored, where new functions have been allocated to support the exhibition activity: coffee shop, bookshop, educational room and multipurpose space. In addition, the internal courtyards were renovated, equipped with new terracotta paving: conceived as real outdoor rooms, they have become an integral part of the museum itinerary, thus enhancing the peculiarity of the Palace which alternates between solids and voids, indoor spaces and enclosed outdoor areas.

▼咖啡店，Coffee shop

▼座位区，Seating area

▼书店，Bookshop

▼室内细节，Interior view

路径的设计

The design of the pathways

第三项干预旨在为路径赋予内部和外部的连贯性——这也是展览场所的一个核心主题。

在建筑内部，原先在前复兴运动博物馆和主庭院之间中断的路径被重新连接起来。此外，在面向主庭院的小型凉廊内，一条既有的通道也得到了改善，成为游览路径的重要组成部分。

▼平面示意：道路系统，The system of pathways

The third intervention concerned the continuity of pathways – a central theme for an exhibition space – both inside and outside.

Regarding the internal pathways, a significant connection was reopened that had been interrupted over time between the former Museum of the Risorgimento and the main court. Additionally, access through the small loggia that faces the main court was improved, making it an essential part of the visitor’s route.

▼主庭院，Main court

▼主庭院，Main court

最重要的一项干预措施是在花园中建立了连通两座翼楼的道路。众所周知，宫殿的主体采用了开放式平面，其主庭院与入口门廊相邻，并且可以直接俯瞰到后花园（即原先的“brolo”）。主庭院与后花园之间仅采用二维的隔断来实现视觉上的区隔。

The most significant intervention is the creation in the garden of a connection between the two wings of the Palace. As is well known, the main body of the building has an open-plan development, featuring a main courtyard adjacent to the access portico, which overlooks directly onto the rear garden (originally the “brolo”), filtered only by a two-dimensional partition that serves as a perspective backdrop.

▼远观新增加的带顶走廊，View to the new covered walkway

将两座翼楼连接起来的方案早在Andrea Bolzoni于18世纪（1782年）绘制的版图中就被构想出来，具体的做法是建造一座轻质的、三层高的木结构（部分装有玻璃立面），该结构延伸至花园内部，进一步凸显出自身的几何形状。

The new project to connect the two wings, which was already envisioned in Andrea Bolzoni’s 18th-century prints (1782), consists of a lightweight, trilithic wooden structure – partially glazed – which extends into the garden, highlighting its main geometries.

▼Bolzoni绘制的版图(1782)，Andrea Bolzoni print (1782)

▼轴测图：带顶走廊，Axon of covered walkway

新的干预措施与宫殿虚实相间的空间结构保持了一致，并在花园中界定出新的户外房间，在延伸空间逻辑的同时也增强了空间的序列感。新增空间的位置与界定主庭院的墙壁保持了轴向的关系和一定的距离，旨在留出一个适宜的空置区域，为两个外部空间提供过渡。

Consistent with the spatial structure of the Palace, characterized by an alternation of solids and voids, the new intervention defines new outdoor rooms in the garden that extend its logic, amplifying the sequence. Its position in relation to the wall that defines the main court, axial and distanced from it, in fact, confirms the intention to leave an empty space, a sort of buffer zone, thereby reaffirming its role as a filter between two external spaces, a condition that it has maintained until the present day.

▼带顶走廊，Covered walkway

▼走廊在花园中界定出新的户外房间，The new intervention defines new outdoor rooms in the garden

新增结构由炭化的木材打造，能够确保长期且良好的耐久性和低维护性；可滑动的玻璃板能够在不太有利的季节下保护走道，同时维持空间的开放性，以恢复文艺复兴时期庭院与后花园之间的物理连接。事实上，新的结构除了连接宫殿的两翼，还凭借其随着季节变化的特征，与重建后的花园完美地融为一体。

The structure, made of charred wood, is able to ensure good durability over time and low maintenance; the sliding glass panels, which protect the walkway during less favorable seasons, allow for a complete opening in order to restore the physical continuity between the Renaissance courtyard and the rear garden. The new structure, in fact, not only connects the two wings of the palace but, precisely because of its ephemeral nature, belongs to the garden, which has also been completely redeveloped.

▼木结构近景，The wooden structure

▼部分走廊安装有可滑动的玻璃板，The walkway with sliding glass panels

花园的设计

The project of the garden

花园的重新设计旨在重新展现古老的“brolo”结构及其布局，它被分成数个正方形和长方形区域——这在Bolzoni绘制的版图 (1782年) 和1843年的调查绘图中均可考证。因此，拟定的干预方案可以看作是在历史遗迹上塑造新的项目，它既不是对原有花园的修复，也不是对某个确切历史场景的纯粹还原。以“英式风格”排列的树木被保留在场地上，并与“brolo”的方正布局相交叉。规则和不规则两种性质的共存，揭示了不同历史时期带来的多层次的美感。

▼1843年的调查绘图，The garden, survey (1843)

▼平面示意：新的连接与花园，The design of the new connection and garden

The project of the garden aims to reveal the arrangement of the ancient “brolo,” which was divided into squares and rectangles as attested by Bolzoni’s prints (1782) and attested by the 1843 survey. The proposed intervention can therefore be considered as a new project on a historic site: in fact, it is neither a conservation of an existing garden, nor a pure restoration of a precise historical situation. The pre-existing trees, arranged in the “English style”, have been preserved and intersect with the orthogonal layouts of the ancient “brolo”. This aesthetic coexistence of two opposing natures, regular and irregular, reveals the stratigraphy of different historical periods.

▼户外庭院，Courtyard

另外两个新增加的元素对花园提供了补充：梅花形场地（quincunx，罗马文化中流传的农业用地布局，以确保交错式田地的合理耕种），其内部种植了圣栎，在花园与宫殿之间形成了一个过滤器；以及一个简单的圆形水池，它反映出天空的色彩，将游客引至花园的尽端。

Two new elements complete the garden: the quincunx (an agricultural prescription handed down to us by Roman treatises to ensure rational cultivation with staggered rows) of holm oaks that creates a filter between the garden and the palace, and the body of water, a simple circular basin, that reflects the sky and invites the visitor to the far end of the garden.

▼首层平面图，Ground floor plan

▼功能分布示意，Program layout

▼平面示意：展览空间，The exhibition spaces

▼平面示意：展览活动辅助空间，Spaces to support exhibition activities

▼平面示意：户外空间，The outdoor spaces

▼剖面图A，Section A

▼剖面图B，Section B

▼剖面图C，Section C

▼剖面图D，Section D

▼剖面图E，Section E

▼带顶走廊剖面图A，Section A of covered walkway

▼带顶走廊剖面图B，Section B of covered walkway

▼带顶走廊剖面图C，Section C of covered walkway

Name of the project: Completion of renovation, restoration and refurbishment of Palazzo dei Diamanti

Client: Municipality of Ferrara

Architect from the Municipal Office in charge of the process: Natascia Frasson

Architectural Project and Site Construction Management:

Structural and mechanical engineering: 3TI progetti italia

Project of the restoration works: Elisabetta Fabbri

Project of the set-up works: Giovanni de Vito

Landscape design: Stefano Olivari

Garden light design: Massimiliano Baldieri

Schedule:

Design competition / announcement: 28 February 2017

Design competition / awarding: 23 February 2018

Delivery of executive project, Lot A: September 2019

Delivery of executive project, Lot B: December 2020

Start of construction, Lot A: 21 October 2020

Start of construction, Lot B: 15 December 2021

Completion, Lot A: 27 December 2022

Completion, Lot B: 31 January 2023

Companies and Suppliers

Lot A: Palazzo dei Diamanti

BUOZZI (construction company)

iMartini (equipment)

VISUAL (furniture)

Techologica (steel window and door frames)

Lot B: walkway and garden

Mornico legnami (group leader)

Techologica (walkway window frames)

Arcadia (garden)

Dimensional data

Exhibition spaces: 790 square meters

(Rossetti Wing, Tisi Wing, Sauna del Duca and loggetta)

Exterior areas: 1.705 square meters

Serving spaces: 693,70 square meters

(bookshop, corridor, coffee shop, restrooms, educational room and multipurpose space, storage)

Walkway: 242,50 square meters

Exterior: 120 square meters

Interior: 122,50 square meters

Garden: 5.150 square meters

Exterior technical spaces: 517,50 square meter